The Smoot-Hawley tariff of 1930, which raised U.S. duties on
hundreds of imported goods to record levels, is America's most
infamous trade law. It is often associated with--and sometimes
blamed for--the onset of the Great Depression, the collapse of
world trade, and the global spread of protectionism in the 1930s.
Even today, the ghosts of congressmen Reed Smoot and Willis Hawley
haunt anyone arguing for higher trade barriers; almost
single-handedly, they made protectionism an insult rather than a
compliment. In "Peddling Protectionism," Douglas Irwin provides the
first comprehensive history of the causes and effects of this
notorious measure, explaining why it largely deserves its
reputation for combining bad politics and bad economics and harming
the U.S. and world economies during the Depression.
In four brief, clear chapters, Irwin presents an authoritative
account of the politics behind Smoot-Hawley, its economic
consequences, the foreign reaction it provoked, and its aftermath
and legacy. Starting as a Republican ploy to win the farm vote in
the 1928 election by increasing duties on agricultural imports, the
tariff quickly grew into a logrolling, pork barrel free-for-all in
which duties were increased all around, regardless of the interests
of consumers and exporters. After Herbert Hoover signed the bill,
U.S. imports fell sharply and other countries retaliated by
increasing tariffs on American goods, leading U.S. exports to
shrivel as well. While Smoot-Hawley was hardly responsible for the
Great Depression, Irwin argues, it contributed to a decline in
world trade and provoked discrimination against U.S. exports that
lasted decades.
"Peddling Protectionism" tells a fascinating story filled with
valuable lessons for trade policy today.
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