The slave Dred Scott claimed that his residence in a free state
transformed him into a free man. His lawsuit took many twists and
turns before making its way to the Supreme Court in 1856. But when
the Court ruled against him, the ruling sent shock waves through
the nation and helped lead to civil war.
Writing for the 7-to-2 majority, Chief Justice Roger Taney
asserted that blacks were not and never could be citizens. Taney
also ruled that the Missouri Compromise of 1820 was
unconstitutional, upsetting the balance of slave and free states.
Earl Maltz now offers a new look at this landmark case, presenting
Dred Scott as a turning point in an already contentious national
debate.
Maltz's accessible account depicts Dred Scott as both a
contributing factor to war and the result of a political climate
that had grown so threatening to the South that overturning the
Missouri Compromise was considered essential. As the nation
continued its rapid expansion, Southerners became progressively
more fearful of the free states' growing political clout. In that
light, the ruling from a Court filled with justices sympathetic to
the Southern cause, though far from surprising helped light the
long fuse that eventually exploded into Civil War.
Maltz offers an uncommonly balanced look at the case, taking
Southern concerns seriously to cast new light on why proponents of
slavery saw things as they did. He presents the arguments of all
the parties impartially, tracks the sequence of increasingly
strained compromises between pro- and anti-slavery forces, and
demonstrates how political and sectional influences infiltrated the
legal issues. He then traces the impact of the case on Northern and
Southern public opinion, showing how a decision meant to resolve
the question of slavery in the territories only aggravated
sectional animosity.
By presenting a more nuanced picture of the pro-Southern
justices on the Court, Maltz offers readers a better understanding
of how they came to their opinions, even as they failed to
anticipate the impact their decision would have-a miscalculation
that to some degree undermined the Court's power and authority
within the American political system. Ultimately, as Maltz
suggests, this is a story of judicial failure, one that remains a
vital chapter in American law and one that must be mastered by
anyone wishing to understand the peculiar nature of our national
history.
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