The community responsible for developing lexicons for Natural
Language Processing (NLP) and Machine Readable Dictionaries (MRDs)
started their ISO standardization activities in 2003. These
activities resulted in the ISO standard - Lexical Markup Framework
(LMF).After selecting and defining a common terminology, the LMF
team had to identify the common notions shared by all lexicons in
order to specify a common skeleton (called the core model) and
understand the various requirements coming from different groups of
users.The goals of LMF are to provide a common model for the
creation and use of lexical resources, to manage the exchange of
data between and among these resources, and to enable the merging
of a large number of individual electronic resources to form
extensive global electronic resources.The various types of
individual instantiations of LMF can include monolingual, bilingual
or multilingual lexical resources. The same specifications can be
used for small and large lexicons, both simple and complex, as well
as for both written and spoken lexical representations. The
descriptions range from morphology, syntax and computational
semantics to computer-assisted translation. The languages covered
are not restricted to European languages, but apply to all natural
languages.The LMF specification is now a success and numerous
lexicon managers currently use LMF in different languages and
contexts.This book starts with the historical context of LMF,
before providing an overview of the LMF model and the Data Category
Registry, which provides a flexible means for applying constants
like /grammatical gender/ in a variety of different settings. It
then presents concrete applications and experiments on real data,
which are important for developers who want to learn about the use
of LMF.
Contents
1. LMF - Historical Context and Perspectives, Nicoletta
Calzolari, Monica Monachini and Claudia Soria.2. Model Description,
Gil Francopoulo and Monte George.3. LMF and the Data Category
Registry: Principles and Application, Menzo Windhouwer and Sue
Ellen Wright.4. Wordnet-LMF: A Standard Representation for
Multilingual Wordnets, Piek Vossen, Claudia Soria and Monica
Monachini.5. Prolmf: A Multilingual Dictionary of Proper Names and
their Relations, Denis Maurel, Beatrice Bouchou-Markhoff.6. LMF for
Arabic, Aida Khemakhem, Bilel Gargouri, Kais Haddar and Abdelmajid
Ben Hamadou.7. LMF for a Selection of African Languages, Chantal
Enguehard and Mathieu Mangeot.8. LMF and its Implementation in Some
Asian Languages, Takenobu Tokunaga, Sophia Y.M. Lee, Virach
Sornlertlamvanich, Kiyoaki Shirai, Shu-Kai Hsieh and Chu-Ren
Huang.9. DUELME: Dutch Electronic Lexicon of Multiword Expressions,
Jan Odijk.10. UBY-LMF - Exploring the Boundaries of
Language-Independent Lexicon Models, Judith Eckle-Kohler, Iryna
Gurevych, Silvana Hartmann, Michael Matuschek and Christian M.
Meyer.11. Conversion of Lexicon-Grammar Tables to LMF: Application
to French, eric Laporte, Elsa Tolone and Matthieu Constant.12.
Collaborative Tools: From Wiktionary to LMF, for Synchronic and
Diachronic Language Data, Thierry Declerck, Pirsoka Lendvai and
Karlheinz Morth.13. LMF Experiments on Format Conversions for
Resource Merging: Converters and Problems, Marta Villegas, Muntsa
Padro and Nuria Bel.14. LMF as a Foundation for Servicized Lexical
Resources, Yoshihiko Hayashi, Monica Monachini, Bora Savas, Claudia
Soria and Nicoletta Calzolari.15. Creating a Serialization of LMF:
The Experience of the RELISH Project, Menzo Windhouwer, Justin
Petro, Irina Nevskaya, Sebastian Drude, Helen Aristar-Dry and Jost
Gippert.16. Global Atlas: Proper Nouns, From Wikipedia to LMF, Gil
Francopoulo, Frederic Marcoul, David Causse and Gregory Piparo.17.
LMF in U.S. Government Language Resource Management, Monte
George.
About the Authors
Gil Francopoulo works for Tagmatica (www.tagmatica.com), a
company specializing in software development in the field of
linguistics and documentation in the semantic web, in Paris,
France, as well as for Spotter (www.spotter.com), a company
specializing in media and social media analytics.
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