This volume contains a series of lectures presented at the 5th
Course of the International School of Astrophysics held in Erice
(Sicily) from July 1st to July 14, 1979 at the "E. l1ajorana"
Centre for Scientific Culture. The course was fully supported by a
grant from the NATO Advanced Institute Programme. It was attended
by about one hundred participants from ten countries. Since the
discovery of the first extra-solar X-ray source in the early
1960's, X-ray astronomy has played an increasingly im portant role
in the study of the Universe, bringing new insight to almost every
field of modern astrophysics from stellar evolution to cosmology.
Generally speaking, this branch of astronomy is concerned with the
discovery, classification and study of "hot matter" in the
universe, including high energy non-thermal pheno mena. In
particular, X-ray observations appear to provide the main, if not
the only, probe to inspect regions where collapsed objects are
formed, such as the environment of neutron stars and of black holes
in the presence of matter accretion onto the ob jects themselves.
It is significant that the first candidate black hole (Cyg X-I) has
been primarily singled out by its X-ray emission. In the same
context, it is well known that one of the fundamental problems in
modern astrophysics is the understanding of the strong activity
taking place in galactic nuclei."
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