By 1781, the sixth year of the American rebellion, British
strategic focus had shifted from the northern states to concentrate
in the south. Canada's governor, Frederick Haldimand, was
responsible for the defence of the Crown's largest colony against
the threat of Franco-American invasion, while assisting overall
British strategy. He cleverly employed his sparse resources to
vigorously raid the rebels' frontiers and create anxiety,
disruption, and deprivation, as his Secret Service undermined their
morale with invasion rumours and threatened their Union by
negotiating with the independent republic of Vermont to return to
the British fold.
Haldimand flooded New York's Mohawk and Schoharie valleys with
Indian and Loyalist raiders and, once the danger of invasion
passed, he dispatched two coordinated expeditions south. One was
launched onto Lake Champlain to alarm Albany and further the secret
talks with Vermont. The second struck deep into enemy territory,
fought a battle at Johnstown, and retreated precipitately. The
rebels effectively countered both expeditions.
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