This is the first time one of the most important of Lukacs'
early theoretical writings, published in Germany in 1923, has been
made available in English. The book consists of a series of essays
treating, among other topics, the definition of orthodox Marxism,
the question of legality and illegality, Rosa Luxemburg as a
Marxist, the changing function of Historic Marxism, class
consciousness, and the substantiation and consciousness of the
Proletariat.Writing in 1968, on the occasion of the appearance of
his collected works, Lukacs evaluated the influence of this book as
follows: "For the historical effect of History and Class
Consciousness and also for the actuality of the present time one
problem is of decisive importance: alienation, which is here
treated for the first time since Marx as the central question of a
revolutionary critique of capitalism, and whose historical as well
as methodological origins are deeply rooted in Hegelian dialectic.
It goes without saying that the problem was omnipresent. A few
years after History and Class Consciousness was published, it was
moved into the focus of philosophical discussion by Heidegger in
his Being and Time, a place which it maintains to this day largely
as a result of the position occupied by Sartre and his followers.
The philologic question raised by L. Goldmann, who considered
Heidegger's work partly as a polemic reply to my (admittedly
unnamed) work, need not be discussed here. It suffices today to say
that the problem was in the air, particularly if we analyze its
background in detail in order to clarify its effect, the mixture of
Marxist and Existentialist thought processes, which prevailed
especially in France immediately after the Second World War. In
this connection priorities, influences, and so on are not
particularly significant. What is important is that the alienation
of man was recognized and appreciated as the central problem of the
time in which we live, by bourgeois as well as proletarian, by
politically rightist and leftist thinkers. Thus, History and Class
Consciousness exerted a profound effect in the circles of the
youthful intelligentsia."George Lichtheim, also in 1968, writes
that ..".The originality of the early Lukacs lay in the assertion
that the totality of history could be apprehended by adopting a
particular 'class standpoint': that of the proletariat. Class
consciousness;not indeed the empirical consciousness of the actual
proletariat, which was hopelessly entangled with the surface
aspects of objective reality, but an ideal-typical consciousness
proper to a class which radically negates the existing order of
reality: that was the formula which had made it possible for the
Lukacs of 1923 to unify theory and practice.""
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