Composites offer great promise as light weight and strong materials
for high performance structures. One of the major advantages of
these materials as compared with metals is the basic way in which
heterogeneity resist crack extension. In a fiber/matrix composite
system, the fibers tend to cause cracks to form at closer spacing
and delay the formation of a large crack. The enhancement of local
failure such as fiber breaking, matrix cracking and interface
debonding further reduces the energy level which might have
otherwise reached the point of catastrophic failure. Even though
substantial tests have been made on composite materials, little has
been gained in the understanding and development of a predic tive
procedure for composite failure. There are fundamental difficulties
associated with incorporating the nonhomogeneous and anisotropic
prop erties of the composite into the continuum mechanics analysis.
Additional uncertainties arise from voids and defects that are
introduced in the composite during manufacturing. Even a small
quantity of mechanical imperfections can cause a marked influence
on the composite strength. Moreover, the interface properties
between the fibers and matrix or bonded laminae can also affect the
load transmission characteristics significantly. It would be
impossible to establish predictive procedures for composite failure
unless realistic guidelines could be developed to control the
manufacturing quality of composite systems."
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