Egypt's lack of a common national identity is the basis for much of
its internal conflict--Coptic Christians have been particularly
affected. Once major contributors to Christian civilisation, their
influence ended with the 5th century Council of Chalcedon and they
endured persecution. With the 7th century Arabization of Egypt,
Copts were given dhimma or "protected persons" status. The 1919
revolution granted them greater political participation but the
1952 revolution ended liberal democracy and established a military
regime that championed Arab identity. Secular Egyptians rebelled
against the Mubarak regime in 2011, yet his successor was the
Muslim Brotherhood's Mohamed Morsi, Egypt's first Islamist
president. In yet another fight over national identity, secular
factions removed Morsi in 2013--the Copts suffered the brunt of
violence.
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