This Element uses data from the Springville Project to explore how
the functions of the inherited forms invariant be (from English
sources) and zero (from creolization) have transformed during the
twentieth century. Originally just alternative present tense
copula/auxiliary forms, both features developed into aspectual
markers - invariant be to mark durativity/habituality and zero to
mark nonstativity. The motivation for these innovations were both
socio-cultural and linguistic. The Great Migration and its
consequences provided a demographic and socio-cultural context
within which linguistic innovations could develop and spread. The
mismatch between form and function within the present tense
copula/auxiliary system and the grammatical ambiguities that
affected both invariant be and zero provided linguistic triggers
for this reanalysis. When taken together, the evolution of these
forms illustrates how restructured linguistic subsystems (and
eventually new varieties) emerge out of the interplay between
inheritance and innovation.
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