Unlike today's world religious views, the belief in one Supreme
Being was once a widespread phenomenon. In The Separation of Heaven
and Earth, author Harold Montzka provides evidence of this
contemporary view with new arguments.
By studying anthropology and the history of religions, Montzka
shows evidence for the belief system of the egalitarian hunters who
spread across the globe. In the Near East, the area from the
mountains in Turkey to the Persian Gulf, people traded freely
without evidence of borders or conflict. Then, social hierarchy
became evident in a small area. Shortly after this, a number of
hierarchical sites appeared suddenly, and society saw massive
buildings, city walls, ethnic divisions, trade to benefit the
elites, war, and instability.
Developed over forty years, The Separation of Heaven and Earth
points out that a single cosmological theme was present in ancient
literature as well as recent preliterate hierarchies. The cosmology
justifying the elites in hierarchical societies provided for the
society by control of nature. Those few groups who have remained
egalitarian do not use this cosmology. They are not dependent on
the rituals of a social hierarchy; they depend on the providence of
their creator.
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