Exploring recent changes in employment practices in seven
industrialized countries (Australia, Britain, Germany, Italy,
Japan, Sweden, and the United States) and in two essential
industries (automobile and telecommunications), Harry C. Katz and
Owen Darbishire find that traditional national systems of
employment are being challenged by four cross-national patterns.
The patterns, which are becoming ever more prevalent, can be
categorized as low-wage, human resource management,
Japanese-oriented, and joint team-based strategies.
The authors go on to show that these changing employment
patterns axe closely related to the decline of unions and growing
income inequality. Drawing upon plant-level evidence on emerging
employment practices, they provide a comprehensive analysis of
changes in employment systems and labor-management relations. They
conclude that while the variation in employment patterns is
increasing within countries, evidence suggests that there is much
commonality across countries in the nature of that variation and
also similarity in the processes through which variation is
appearing. Hence the term "converging divergences."
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