Negotiations are ubiquitous in business, politics, and private
life. In many cases their outcome is of great importance. Yet,
negotiators frequently act irrationally and fail to reach mutually
beneficial agreements. Cognitive biases like overconfidence,
egocentrism, and the mythical fixed pie illusion oftentimes
foreclose profitable results. A further cognitive bias is the
attachment effect: Parties are influenced by their subjective
expectations formed on account of the exchange of offers, they form
reference points, and loss aversion potentially leads to a change
of preferences when expectations change.
This book presents a motivation, formalization, and
substantiation of the attachment effect. Thereby, preferences and
behavior are approached from a microeconomic and a psychological
perspective. Two experiments show clear evidence for a systematic
bias. The results can be used for prescriptive advice to
negotiators: either for debiasing or to systematically affect the
counterparty.
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