t his book applies recently developed tools in strong and weak
bidirectional op- mality theory (ot ) as well as an evolutionary
modeling of ot in a bidirectional setting to the empirical domain
of negation across a wide range of languages. I have long been
intrigued by the patterns of semantic variation we find in natural
l- guage, and negation has always been one of the topics I was
fascinated by. In the past, I have proposed analyses of
language-specific observations about not...until in English (de
swart 1996), Dutch negative polarity items (n PIs) occurring
outside the c-command domain of the licensor (de swart 1998b), the
interaction of negation and aspect in French (de swart and
Molendijk 1999), scope ambiguities with negative quantifiers in g
ermanic (de swart 2000), and negative concord in r omance (de swart
and sag 2002). a lthough I felt my proposals were contributing to a
better understanding of the phenomena under consideration, they did
not lead to an explanatory theory of cross-linguistic variation in
the area of negation. Meanwhile, the discussion of semantic
universals and cross-linguistic variation in meaning assumed more
imp- tance in the literature (cf. von Fintel and Matthewson 2008),
which made it all the more urgent to develop such a theory. o ther
proposals came along in the literature, exploiting syntactic and
lexical notions of variation, and making claims about u- versal
grammar and typological generalizations.
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