There is a great deal of practice, discussion, and publication
about strategy, but surprisingly little investigation of the
processes by which strategies actually form in organizations. This
book reports the results of Henry Mintzberg's investigation about
this that he has conducted over several decades.
Defining realized strategy - the strategy an organization has
actually pursued - as a pattern in a stream of actions, this
investigation was able to track strategies in organizations over
long periods of time, usually three or four decades, and in one
case, a century and a half. This meant the patterns by which
strategies form and change in organizations, the interplay of
'deliberate' with 'emergent' strategies, and the relationship
between leadership, organization, and environment in the strategy
formation process, could be revealed.
An introductory chapter considers the term strategy, and the
various ways it has been and can be used, and then introduces the
studies. These are reported in the next ten chapters, with
descriptions of what the strategies were, how they formed over
time, and how they combined to establish periods in the history of
the organization. This is followed by conclusions about the study
revealed about the process.
These studies range across business (six studies), government (two
studies), an architectural firm, and a university, as well as one
professor in that university. They include U.S. strategy in Vietnam
(1950-1973), Volkswagenwrk (1937-1972), and the National Film Board
of Canada (1939-1975).
The final chapter, entitled 'Toward a General Theory of Strategy
Formation', weaves these findings together in two themes. First is
strategyformation in different forms of organization: Strategic
Planning in the Machine Organization, Strategic Visioning in the
Entrepreneurial Organization, Strategic Learning in the Adhocracy
organization, and Strategic Venturing in the Professional
Organization. The second theme considers stages in the formation of
strategies, from Initiation through Development to Renewal.
General
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