All Men and Both Sexes explores the use of such universal terms as
"people, " "man, " or "human" in early modern England, from the
civil war through the Enlightenment. Such language falsely implies
inclusion of both men and women when actually it excludes women.
Recent scholarship has focused on the Rights of Man doctrine
from the Enlightenment arid the French Revolution as explanation
for women's exclusion from citizenship. According to Hilda Smith,
we need to go back further, to the English Revolution and the more
grounded (but equally restricted) values tied to the "free-born
Englishman." Citing educational treatises, advice literature to
young people, guild records, popular periodicals, and parliamentary
debates, she demonstrates how the "male maturation process" came to
define the qualities attached to citizenship and responsible
adulthood, which in turn became the basis for modern individualism
and liberalism. By the eighteenth century a new discourse of
sensibility was describing women as dependent beings outside the
state, in a separate sphere and in need of protection. This
excluded women from reform debates, forcing them to seek not an
extension of a democratic franchise but a specific women's suffrage
focused on gender difference.
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