In the last several decades, the analytic field has widened
considerably in scope. The therapeutic task is now seen by an
increasing number of analysts to require that patient and analyst
work together to strengthen, or to create, psychic structure that
was previously weak, missing, or functionally inoperative. This
view, which may apply to all patients, but is especially relevant
to the treatment of non-neurotic patients and states of mind,
stands in stark contrast to the more traditional assumption that
the therapeutic task involves the uncovering of the unconscious
dimension of a present pathological compromise formation that holds
a potentially healthy ego in thrall.The contrast which this book
calls attention to is that which exists roughly between
formulations of psychic structure and functioning that were once
assumed to have been sufficiently well explained by the hypotheses
of Freud s topographic theory and those that were not. The former
are modeled on neurosis and dream interpretation, where conflicts
between relatively well-defined (saturated) and psychically
represented desires were assumed to operate under the aegis of the
pleasure-unpleasure principle. The latter involve a different level
of psychic functioning and registration, one that is more closely
associated with pre-verbal, and/or massive psychic trauma, as well
as with primitive mental states. It operates "beyond the pleasure
principle." In complementary fashion, psychoanalytic theorizing has
begun to shift from conceiving solely or predominantly of a
universe of presences, forgotten, hidden or disguised, but there
for the finding, to a negative universe of voids where creation of
missing structure, often referred to by the Freudian
metapsychological designation, representation, becomes of necessity
part of the cure.However it is conceptualized psychoanalytically,
representation is the culmination of a process through which
impulse and content, and in favorable circumstances disguised
versions of that part of the content that is unconscious, must all
be linked. It is a term with historical roots in Freud s
metapsychology, and its psychoanalytic usage refers back to that
tradition and theoretical domain. It should not be confused with
the way it or similar terms are used in other disciplines e.g.,
child development or neuroscience nor should references to its
absence be misunderstood to necessarily imply the total absence of
some kind of registration or inscription in the being, i.e., the
psyche or the soma, of the individual."
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