Individually and collectively, resident microbes play important
roles in host health and survival. Shaping and shaped by their host
environments, these microorganisms form intricate communities that
are in a state of dynamic equilibrium. This ecologic and dynamic
view of host-microbe interactions is rapidly redefining our view of
health and disease. It is now accepted that the vast majority of
microbes are, for the most part, not intrinsically harmful, but
rather become established as persistent, co-adapted colonists in
equilibrium with their environment, providing useful goods and
services to their hosts while deriving benefits from these host
associations. Disruption of such alliances may have consequences
for host health, and investigations in a wide variety of organisms
have begun to illuminate the complex and dynamic network of
interaction - across the spectrum of hosts, microbes, and
environmental niches - that influence the formation, function, and
stability of host-associated microbial communities. Microbial
Ecology in States of Health and Disease is the summary of a
workshop convened by the Institute of Medicine's Forum on Microbial
Threats in March 2013 to explore the scientific and therapeutic
implications of microbial ecology in states of health and disease.
Participants explored host-microbe interactions in humans, animals,
and plants; emerging insights into how microbes may influence the
development and maintenance of states of health and disease; the
effects of environmental change(s) on the formation, function, and
stability of microbial communities; and research challenges and
opportunities for this emerging field of inquiry. Table of Contents
Front Matter Workshop Overview A1 Effector and memory T cell
responses to commensal bacteria--Yasmine Belkaid, Nicolas
Bouladoux, and Timothy W. Hand A2 What are the consequences of the
disappearing human microbiota?--Martin J. Blaser and Stanley Falkow
A3 Pathways in microbe-induced obesity--Laura M. Cox and Martin J.
Blaser A4 Microbial exposure during early life has persistent
effects on natural killer T Cell function--Torsten Olszak, Dingding
An, Sebastian Zeissig, Miguel Penilla Vera, Julia Richter, Andre
Franke, Jonathan N. Glickman, Reiner Siebert, Rebecca M. Barron,
Dennis L. Kasper, and Richard S. Blumberg A5 The application of
ecological theory toward an understanding of the human
microbiome--Elizabeth K. Costello, Keaton Stagaman, Les Dethlefsen,
Brendan J. M. Bohannan, and David A. Relman A6 Seasonal
restructuring of the ground squirrel gutmicrobiota over the annual
hibernation cycle--Hannah V. Carey, William A. Walters, and Rob
Knight A7 Lessons from studying insect symbioses--Angela E. Douglas
A8 A new vision of immunity: homeostasis of the
superorganism--Grard Eberl A9 Host defense and immunomodulation of
mucosal candidiasis--Paul L. Fidel, Jr., and Mairi C. Noverr A10
Microbiota-targeted therapies: An ecological perspective--Katherine
P. Lemon, Gary C. Armitage, David A. Relman, and Michael Fischbach
A11 Community ecology and the vaginal microbiome--Larry J. Forney
and Jacques Ravel A12 Investigating bacterial-animal symbioses with
light sheet microscopy--Michael J. Taormina, Matthew Jemielita, W.
Zac Stephens, Adam R. Burns, Joshua V. Troll, Raghuveer
Parthasarathy, and Karen Guillemin A13 Clinical application of
fecal microbiota transplantation in Clostridium difficile infection
and beyond--Josbert J. Keller and Els van Nood A14 Consumption of
human milk glycoconjugates by infant-associated bifidobacteria:
Mechanisms and implications--Daniel Garrido, David C. Dallas, and
David A. Mills A15 Bacteriophage adhering to mucus providea
nonhost-derived immunity--Jeremy J. Barr, Rita Auro, Mike Furlan,
Katrine L. Whiteson, Marcella L. Erb, Joe Pogliano, Aleksandr
Stotland, Roland Wolkowicz, Andrew S. Cutting, Kelly S. Doran,
Peter Salamon, Merry Youle, and Forest Rohwer A16 Topographic
diversity of fungal and bacterial communities in human skin--Keisha
Findley, Julia Oh, Joy Yang, Sean Conlan, Clayton Deming, Jennifer
A. Meyer, Deborah Schoenfeld, Effie Nomicos, Morgan Park, NIH
Intramural Sequencing Center Comparative Sequencing Program, Heidi
H. Kong, and Julia A. Segre A17 Distinct microbial communities
within the endosphere and rhizosphere of Populus deltoides roots
across contrasting soil types--Neil R. Gottel, Hector F. Castro,
Marilyn Kerley, Zamin Yang, Dale A. Pelletier, Mircea Podar,
Tatiana Karpinets, Ed Uberbacher, Gerald A. Tuskan, Rytas Vilgalys,
Mitchel J. Doktycz, and Christopher W. Schadt A18 Interactions
between commensal fungi and the C-type lectin receptor Dectin-1
influence colitis--Iliyan D. Iliev, Vincent A. Funari, Kent D.
Taylor, Quoclinh Nguyen, Christopher N. Reyes, Samuel P. Strom,
Jordan Brown, Courtney A. Becker, Phillip R. Fleshner, Marla
Dubinsky, Jerome I. Rotter, Hanlin L. Wang, Dermot P. B. McGovern,
Gordon D. Brown, and David M. Underhill A19 Metagenomics and
personalized medicine--Herbert W. Virgin and John A. Todd A20 From
genetics of inflammatory bowel disease towards mechanistic
insights--Daniel B. Graham and Ramnik J. Xavier A21 Antimicrobial
peptides and the microbiome--Michael Zasloff Appendix B: Agenda
Appendix C: Acronyms Appendix D: Glossary Appendix E: Speaker
Biographies
General
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