Genetic recombination is the process by which a strand of genetic
material (usually DNA; but can also be RNA) is broken and then
joined to a different DNA molecule. In eukaryotes recombination
commonly occurs during meiosis as chromosomal crossover between
paired chromosomes. This process leads to off-springs having
different combinations of genes from their parents and can produce
new chimeric alleles. In evolutionary biology this shuffling of
genes is thought to have many advantages, including that of
allowing sexually reproducing organisms to avoid Muller's ratchet.
However, a recombination pathway in DNA is any way by which a
broken DNA molecule is reconnected to form a whole DNA strand. In
molecular biology "recombination" can also refer to artificial and
deliberate recombination of disparate pieces of DNA, often from
different organisms, creating what is called recombinant DNA.
Enzymes called recombinases catalyse natural recombination
reactions. RecA, the recombinase found in E. coli, is responsible
for the repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). In yeast and
other eukaryotic organisms there are two recombinases required for
repairing DSBs. The RAD51 protein is required for mitotic and
meiotic recombination and the DMC1 protein is specific to meiotic
recombination. This book presents the latest research in the field.
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