Sexual orientation (homo- vs. heterosexuality) is one of many sex
differences observed in humans. Sex differences can result from
differential postnatal experiences (interaction with parents,
environment) or from biological factors (hormones and genes) acting
pre- or postnatally. The first option is often favored to explain
sexual orientation although it is supported by little experimental
evidence. In contrast, many sexually differentiated behaviors are
organized during early life by an irreversible action of sex
steroids. In particular, the preference for a male or female sex
partner is largely determined in rodents by embryonic exposure to
sex steroids. The early action of these steroids also seems to
affect sexual orientation in humans. Indeed, clinical conditions
associated with major endocrine changes during embryonic life often
result in an increased incidence of homosexuality. Furthermore,
multiple sexually differentiated behavioral, physiological, or even
morphological traits that are known to be organized by prenatal
steroids, at least in animals, are significantly different in homo-
and heterosexual populations. Thus prenatal endocrine (or genetic)
factors seem to influence significantly human sexual orientation
even if a large fraction of the variance remains unexplained to
date. The possible interaction between biological factors acting
prenatally and postnatal social influences remains to be
investigated.
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