A detailed historical account of the origins of the modern
examination system in England from 1850 to 1900. At the beginning
of the nineteenth century public examinations were almost unknown,
yet by its end they were established as the most generally
acceptable method of assessment and selection; with many they had
become almost an article of the Victorian faith, though their
objectivity and efficacy were already becoming matters of public
controversy. The Oxford and Cambridge honours examinations provided
a major source for Victorian ideas of open competition and public
examinations. It was seen that this model could be applied to a
whole range of educational and administrative purposes. The crucial
developments came between 1850 and 1870: major landmarks were the
Northcote Trevelyan Report of 1853 on the Civil Service, the
foundation of the Oxford and Cambridge Local Examinations of 1857
and 1858, and Gladstone's introduction in 1870 of open competition
into the Home Civil Service.
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