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Austria 1867-1955 (Hardcover)
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Austria 1867-1955 (Hardcover)
Series: Oxford History of Modern Europe
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Austria 1867-1955 connects the political history of German-speaking
provinces of the Habsburg Empire before 1914 (Vienna and the Alpine
Lands) with the history of the Austrian Republic that emerged in
1918. John W. Boyer presents the case of modern Austria as a
fascinating example of democratic nation-building. The construction
of an Austrian political nation began in 1867 under Habsburg
Imperial auspices, with the German-speaking bourgeois Liberals
defining the concept of a political people (Volk) and giving that
Volk a constitution and a liberal legal and parliamentary order to
protect their rights against the Crown. The decades that followed
saw the administrative and judicial institutions of the Liberal
state solidified, but in the 1880s and 1890s the membership of the
Volk exploded to include new social and economic strata from the
lower bourgeoisie and the working classes. Ethnic identity was not
the final structuring principle of everyday politics, as it was in
the Czech lands. Rather social class, occupational culture, and
religion became more prominent variables in the sortition of civic
interests, exemplified by the emergence of two great ideological
parties, Christian Socialism and Social Democracy in Vienna in the
1890s. The war crisis of 1914/1918 exploded the Empire, with the
Crown self-destructing in the face of military defeat, chronic
domestic unrest, and bitter national partisanship. But this crisis
also accelerated the emergence of new structures of democratic
self-governance in the German-speaking Austrian lands, enshrined in
the republican Constitution of 1920. Initial attempts to make this
new project of democratic nation-building work failed in the 1920s
and 1930s, culminating in the catastrophe of the 1938 Nazi
occupation. After 1945 the surviving legatees of the Revolution of
1918 reassembled under the four-power Allied occupation, which
fashioned a shared political culture which proved sufficiently
flexible to accommodate intense partisanship, resulting, by the
1970s, in a successful republican system, organized under the aegis
of elite democratic and corporatist negotiating structures, in
which the Catholics and Socialists learned to embrace the skills of
collective but shared self-governance.
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