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Fossil Horses of South America - Phylogeny, Systemics and Ecology (Hardcover, 1st ed. 2017)
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Fossil Horses of South America - Phylogeny, Systemics and Ecology (Hardcover, 1st ed. 2017)
Series: The Latin American Studies Book Series
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This book provides an update on the phylogeny, systematics and
ecology of horses in South America based on data provided over the
past three decades. The contemporary South American mammalian
communities were shaped by the emergence of the Isthmus of Panama
and by the profound climatic oscillations during the Pleistocene.
Horses were a conspicuous group of immigrant mammals from North
America that arrived in South America during the Pleistocene. This
group is represented by 2 genera, Hippidion and Equus, which
include small species (Hippidion devillei, H. saldiasi, E. andium
and E. insulatus) and large forms (Equus neogeus and H.
principale). Both groups arrived in South America via 2 different
routes. One model designed to explain this migration indicates that
the small forms used the Andes corridor, while larger horses used
the eastern route and arrived through some coastal areas. Molecular
dating (ancient DNA) suggests that the South American horses
separated from the North American taxa (caballines and the New
World stilt-legged horse) after 3.6 - 3.2 Ma, consistent with the
final formation of the Panamanian Isthmus. Recent studies of stable
isotopes in these horses indicate an extensive range of 13C values
cover closed woodlands to C4 grasslands. This plasticity agrees
with the hypothesis that generalist species and open biome
specialist species from North America indicate a positive migration
through South America.
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