The human brain does not develop in a vacuum according to a set of
predetermined blueprints-it is involved in a dynamic interplay with
the environment that influences gene expression and ultimately
structure and function. Some cortical regions, such as the
prefrontal cortex (PFC) undergo structural changes throughout the
adolescent period and into early adulthood, making their structure
and functions particularly interesting to study with respect to
gene-environment interactions. Repeated exposure to stress is a
predisposing factor in the emergence of various mental illnesses,
such as anxiety and depression, although this is by no means an
absolute relationship. While some people appear to be vulnerable to
the effects of repeated stressors, others are resilient, and this
individual variability is partly due to developmental programming
of brain regions involved in modulating stress responding, such as
the PFC. In the present book, we will discuss features of
adolescent brain development that may provide a basis for neural
plasticity in stress responding: the highly protracted development
of the PFC, the profound change in interconnectedness among
cortical and subcortical brain regions, and the characteristic
'rise and fall' pattern for many of the late-developing aspects of
neural architecture in PFC and other stress-related brain regions.
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