The sun radiates a tremendous amount of energy, called solar energy
or solar radiation, which is the main natural source of energy on
the Earth, by far. Because solar radiation is the almost unique
supplier of energy to the Earth, it has a primary influence on life
and activities on the Earth. The climate is a first example, but
there are many others, such as plant growth or human health, or
even the design of buildings, the production of energy, notably
electrical and thermal, or even aging materials. This book aims to
provide simple answers to anyone who has questions about solar
radiation. Its ambition is to help by presenting the fundamental
elements of the solar radiation received on the ground. The book
includes many examples and numerous illustrations, as well as some
simple but fairly precise equations to calculate the various
elements covered and to reproduce the figures and graphs. The first
of the three parts of this book is devoted to the relative geometry
between the direction of the sun and an observer on the ground as
well as to the solar radiation emitted by the sun and received at
the top of the atmosphere. The orbit of the Earth around the sun
and the solar declination are described. The concept of time is
introduced which is closely linked to the solar cycle and the
rotation of the Earth on itself. Equations are given to calculate
the solar radiation received on a horizontal or inclined surface
located at the top of the atmosphere. The spectral distribution of
the extraterrestrial solar radiation is described. The second part
of this book addresses how the solar radiation incident at the top
of the atmosphere is attenuated and modified in its downward path
to the ground. The reflection of the radiation by the ground is
presented. The solar radiation received on the ground by a
horizontal or inclined collector plane, such as a natural slope or
a rooftop, is discussed, as well as its spectral distribution. The
variability of the radiation is addressed in relation to the
properties of solar radiation estimated from the measurements. The
third part deals with direct or indirect measurements of the solar
radiation received on the ground over a given integration time
(minute, hour, day, or month), whether for total radiation or
radiation in a spectral range such as ultraviolet (UV), or
daylight, or photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). It also
explains how to check the plausibility of the measurements.
Fundamentals of Solar Radiation will be a valuable resource to all
professionals, engineers, researchers, students, and other
practitioners that seek an understanding of solar radiation.
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