The investigation of the physical properties of matter has
progressed so much during the last hundred years that today physics
is divided into a large group of special branches, which are often
very distant from each other. These branches arise because of the
vast extent of the science itself, and are distinguished by the
particular area studied, the method of investigation and so on. An
independent and important branch that has developed recently is the
physics of thin films. This deals with systems which have only one
common property, namely, that one of their dimensions is very
small, though all other physical properties of such systems may be
different, as well as methods of investigating them. Usually, we
investigate the physical characteristics of three-dimensional
bodies. Their characteristic prop:: rties are often related to a
unit volume, i.e. it is assumed that they are volume-independent.
This assumption is legitimate as long as the dimensions are
'normal', i.e. more or less within macroscopic limits; but as soon
as one dimension becomes so small that there is a considerable
increase in a surface-to-volume ratio, that assumption is no longer
valid.
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