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Freedom in French Enlightenment Thought (Hardcover, New edition)
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Freedom in French Enlightenment Thought (Hardcover, New edition)
Series: Currents in Comparative Romance Languages & Literatures, 177
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Freedom in French Enlightenment Thought examines how five
eighteenth-century French theorists - Montesquieu, Diderot,
Rousseau, Voltaire, and Condorcet - kindled the flame of freedom in
America and France. Each thinker laid down a building block that
would eventually inspire the language in constitutions around the
world. They held that citizens have certain inalienable rights that
are dictated by natural law and endowed to all by our Creator; that
these rights include equality before the law, justice, safety and
security of persons and property, and freedom of speech, press,
assembly, and religion. Montesquieu recommended three separate
branches of government that function independently of each other.
Diderot held that there is no true sovereign, except the nation;
that there is no true legislator, except the people. Rousseau
advised that the individual will must be subordinate to the general
will and private interest to that of the community: he warned
against legislators who act from their own financial interests and
enact laws to aggrandize themselves. Voltaire believed that
selfishness, greed, and the desire for luxury are not only part of
human nature, but that they compel people to achieve, trade with
others, search, explore, and invent: the passions are the engine
that makes capitalism run and that stimulate all human endeavor.
Condorcet, a champion of civil rights, boldly proclaimed equality
for women, blacks, and the poor. The philosophes held that free and
universal public education will permit more citizens to participate
in the progress of the arts and sciences and will improve the
standard of living among all strata of society. An unrestrained
press permits citizens to make informed decisions. Their polemics
have indeed changed the face of the world.
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