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D-Day Deception - Operation Fortitude and the Normandy Invasion (Paperback)
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D-Day Deception - Operation Fortitude and the Normandy Invasion (Paperback)
Series: Stackpole Military History Series
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On 6 June 1944, Allied forces stormed the beaches at Normandy. The
invasion followed several years of argument and planning by Allied
leaders, who remained committed to a return to the European
continent after the Germans had forced the Allies to evacuate at
Dunkirk in May 1940. Before the spring of 1944, however, Prime
Minister Winston Churchill and other British leaders remained
unconvinced that the invasion was feasible. At the Teheran
Conference in November 1943, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston
Churchill promised Josef Stalin that Allied troops would launch
Operation Overlord, the invasion of Normandy, in the spring.
Because of their continuing concerns about Overlord, the British
convinced the Americans to implement a cover plan to help ensure
the invasion's success. The London Controlling Section (LCS)
devised an elaborate two-part plan called Operation Fortitude that
SHAEF (Supreme Headquarters, Allied Expeditionary Force) helped to
fine tune and that both British and American forces implemented.
Historians analyzing the Normandy invasion frequently devote some
discussion to Operation Fortitude. Although they admit that
Fortitude North did not accomplish all that the Allied deception
planners had hoped, many historians heap praise on Fortitude South,
using phrases such as, "unquestionably the greatest deception in
military history." Many of these historians assume that the
deception plan played a crucial role in the June 1944 assault. A
reexamination of the sources suggests, however, that other factors
contributed as much, if not more, to the Allied victory in Normandy
and that Allied forces could have succeeded without the elaborate
deception created by the LCS. Moreover, thepersistent tendency to
exaggerate the operational effect of Fortitude on the German
military performance at Normandy continues to draw attention away
from other, technical-military reasons for the German failures
there.
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