This book deals with minds and machines. Viewpoints of Roger
Penrose, Marvin Minsky, Gerald Edelman and several others are
analysed. The key question is related to differences between
digital computers and human minds through analyses of Godel's
theorem, Turing machines, Church's thesis, Wegner's ideas and
evolutionary principles. A new cybernetical principle of multiple
knowledge is introduced. Like the Heisenberg principle, which
introduced a theoretical foundation for quantum physics, the
principle of multiple knowledge provides a theoretical and
philosophical background for a new scientific discipline -- weak
artificial intelligence. At the same time it eliminates current
digital systems, however fast and of whichever storage
capabilities, as candidates for achieving the kind of intelligence
humans or even other animals possess.
This book introduces the first valid formal proof that humans
are superior to computers. The subject has been of great interest
to humans, but no verifiable conclusions were generated so far even
by great scientists like Penrose or Minsky. An overview of major
debates regarding the mind-computer debate is presented. In
particular, Peter Wegner is seen as the first one to formally show
that the universal Turing machine is not the universal computing
machine, and that stronger mechanisms are abundant in real life.
The new proof comes in the form of the cybernetic principle of
multiple knowledge and in relation to the multiple-worlds theory.
The advanced mechanism that is suspected behind the true
intelligent performance is still a mystery, but several
consequences can be derived. Among others, a classical computer can
not approach true human performancewhile agent systems in principle
could. The new cognitive weak artificial intelligence is described
as a new research discipline based on the above ideas. There is no
reason why this discipline would not produce truly intelligent
machines in a couple of decades.
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