here exists a need for the creation of an objective system for
measuring facial attractiveness and along with it a detailed
mathematical analysis and understanding of facial sexual
dimorphism. Both the areas of ophthalmic and facial plastic and
reconstructive surgery and the areas of facial attractiveness and
recognition research in psychology would greatly benefit from
achieving these goals. The objective of this work has been to:
develop and test a system for measuring facial attractiveness in an
objective manner; and analyze orbital and facial sexual dimorphism.
A facial overlay system or mask variously called the phi,
archetypal, golden, or golden ratio mask has been claimed to be
capable of being adapted to create an objective system for
measuring facial attractiveness. The central hypothesis of the
thesis is that the phi mask can be used to create an objective
measurement system for facial attractiveness. Over a period of
seven years, we have created a standardized high resolution
photographic facial database of 18-30 year old male and female
adults, as well as database of linked facial anthropometric and
photogrammetric measurement data. We have also designed a system
using the phi mask that attempts to measure facial attractiveness
objectively, and tested it against our facial database. Finally, we
have made a detailed analysis of the measurement data and previous
literature with respect to precisely defining sexual dimorphism
around the eyes and face. Results support our central hypothesis in
that the phi mask in its current form does yield a measure for
objective attractiveness that correlates to the current "gold
standard" measure of attractiveness - 'truth of consensus'.
However, while the mask is capable of explaining a major portion of
the variance in facial attractiveness, it is not the final complete
answer. Strengths, weaknesses and limitations of the approach and
the model used are discussed, and ideas and directions for further
research to develop a more accurate system are suggested. The
analysis of the orbits and the face for sexual dimorphism yielded a
great deal of new data and have lead to an understanding of sexual
differences that have practical implications for both surgery and
further facial research.
Applications of the research include: Preoperative aids for
planning plastic and reconstructive surgery, cosmetic surgery, and
sex-altering surgery; standards for analyzing the eyes for academic
study; standards for quantifying the features of the eyes for use
in an identification system; aid in application of cosmetics; aid
in understanding the psychological impact of eyes on the judgment
of attractiveness; creation of a standardized database of digital
high-resolution facial photographs and linked anthropometric and
demographic database to be made available to the world community of
facial researchers; use of the databases by researchers for face
recognition research, facial attractiveness research etc.
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