The 21st century has witnessed a complete revolution in the
understanding and description of bacteria in eco- systems and
microbial assemblages, and how they are regulated by complex
interactions among microbes, hosts, and environments. The human
organism is no longer considered a monolithic assembly of tissues,
but is instead a true ecosystem composed of human cells, bacteria,
fungi, algae, and viruses. As such, humans are not unlike other
complex ecosystems containing microbial assemblages observed in the
marine and earth environments. They all share a basic functional
principle: Chemical communication is the universal language that
allows such groups to properly function together. These chemical
networks regulate interactions like metabolic exchange, antibiosis
and symbiosis, and communication. The National Academies of
Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Chemical Sciences Roundtable
organized a series of four seminars in the autumn of 2016 to
explore the current advances, opportunities, and challenges toward
unveiling this "chemical dark matter" and its role in the
regulation and function of different ecosystems. The first three
focused on specific ecosystems?earth, marine, and human?and the
last on all microbiome systems. This publication summarizes the
presentations and discussions from the seminars. Table of Contents
Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 Illuminating the Microbial Dark
Matter Beneath Your Feet: Microbial Catalysis in the Terrestrial
Subsurface - Kelly C. Wrighton, Rebecca A. Daly, and Michael J.
Wilkins 3 Life in High-Temperature Environments: Modern-Day Analogs
of Early Earth Still Relevant Today - William P. Inskeep 4
Advancing Our Understanding of the Chemistry of Soil Microbiomes -
Trent R. Northen, Zheyun Zhang, Jian Gao, Tami Swenson, and Yasuo
Yoshikuni 5 Envisioning a Chemical Metaproteomics Capability for
Biochemical Research and Diagnosis of Global Ocean Microbiomes -
Mak A. Saito, Chip Breier, Mike Jakuba, Matthew McIlvin, and Dawn
Moran 6 Chemical Ecology: The Language of Microbiomes - Mark E.
Hay, Deanna S. Beatty, and Frank J. Stewart 7 Organic Nutrient
Chemistry and the Marine Microbiome - Daniel J. Repeta and Rene M.
Boiteau 8 Digitizing the Chemistry Associated with Microbes:
Importance, Current Status, and Opportunities - Pieter C.
Dorrestein 9 Deciphering the Chemistry of the Human Gut Microbiome
- Emily P. Balskus 10 Engineering the Microbiome for Human Health
Applications - Timothy K. Lu, Mark Mimee, Robert J. Citorik, and
Karen Pepper 11 Talking with Molecules: Marine Bacteria and
Microalgae - Mohammad R. Seyedsayamdost 12 Genome-Scale Metabolic
Modeling and Its Application to Microbial Communities - Jennifer L.
Reed 13 Epilogue After the Panel Discussions Appendix A: Seminars
Agendas Appendix B: Biographic Sketches of Seminars Planning
Committee and Seminars Speakers Appendix C: Seminars Attendees
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