Solid mechanics is fundamental for civil, aerospace, nuclear, and
mechanical engineering, for geology, and for many branches of
physics such as materials science. It has specific applications in
many other areas, such as understanding the anatomy of living
beings, and the design of dental prostheses and surgical implants.
One of the most common practical applications of solid mechanics is
the Euler-Bernoulli beam equation. Solid mechanics extensively uses
tensors to describe stresses, strains, and the relationship between
them. Fundamental problems in engineering are now being solved by
optical methods. Stress on materials, thermodynamic properties,
elasticity are some of the factors that can be measured or
estimated by using optical techniques. The physics behind all these
powerful methods is very rich, goes from spectroscopy to
photoelasticity. The research in this field aims to understand full
scale objects using two and three dimensional models, the strain
fields at the surface of materials or constructions, and also on
transparent materials such as organic and inorganic glasses and
monocrystals. The ability to measure in real time and
non-invasively variations of certain physical quantities brought
into the solids mechanics some of the measurements needed to
compute with speed and accuracy some of the hallmark features. This
book takes some examples that covers the most relevant methods in
specific applications to some materials and giving a little inside
into the physics of the techniques involved. Optical methods in
experimental solid mechanics, yielding field information, combined
with digital image processing and on-line evaluation of the
experimentally obtained data by means of numerical procedures
enable the stress-strain analysis of many problems, which couldn't
be analysed satisfactorily as yet. Thus the effects of non-linear
elastic, of viscoelastic material response and of any combination
of such materials on the stress-strain state can be considered.
Hybrid techniques, i.e. the combination of measurement techniques
with numerical methods for data evaluation based on advanced
mathematical algorithms yield reliable knowledge on the actual
state and the real reactions of any kind of structures. The
possibilities of direct measure are nowadays extremely rare and to
measure implies besides manipulation of complex measuring systems,
understanding of measurand and limit of application of measurement
method. Stress analysis has been considered for some time as a
distinct professional branch of engineering, the main objective to
determine and improve the mechanical strength of elements,
structures and machines. Experimental stress analysis strives to
achieve these aims by experimental means. In the investigation of
problems of mechanical strength, many factors make the experimental
approach indispensable, and often the only means of access. In
addition to this, theoretical considerations are usually based on
simplifying assumptions which imply certain deviations from
reality, and it can be established only by experimentation whether
such idealization do not produce an undue distortion of the
problem. Using experimental stress analysis is required especially
if the analysis is done under real service conditions, where thre
are all the influential factors such properties of the employed
materials, the methods of manufacture and the operation conditions.
A special place among the experimental techniques is occupied by
optical methods. Among their numerous possible applications, they
can help the researcher to characterize the materials' behaviour,
to give access to the time-evolution of fields of data at different
scales and maybe, the most important advantage, they are
non-contact and provide full-field data that are naturally suitable
for direct comparison with numerical solutions.
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