The reign of Basil II (976-1025), the longest of any Byzantine
emperor, has long been considered as a 'golden age', in which his
greatest achievement was the annexation of Bulgaria. This, we have
been told, was achieved through a long and bloody war of attrition
which won Basil the grisly epithet Voulgartoktonos, 'the
Bulgar-slayer'. In this 2003 study Paul Stephenson argues that
neither of these beliefs is true. Instead, Basil fought far more
sporadically in the Balkans and his reputation as 'Bulgar-slayer'
was created only a century and a half later. Thereafter the
'Bulgar-slayer' was periodically to play a galvanizing role for the
Byzantines, returning to centre-stage as Greeks struggled to
establish a modern nation state. As Byzantium was embraced as the
Greek past by scholars and politicians, the 'Bulgar-slayer' became
an icon in the struggle for Macedonia (1904-1908) and the Balkan
Wars (1912-1913).
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