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Complying with Trihalomethane Reduction Requirements in Water Treatment Facilities (Hardcover, New)
Loot Price: R1,710
Discovery Miles 17 100
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Complying with Trihalomethane Reduction Requirements in Water Treatment Facilities (Hardcover, New)
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Eight case studies from around the United States involving the
reduction of trihalomethane in water treatment facilities. Includes
information on finished water quality, treatment plant performance,
and costs for each example. "From the Introduction: " In order to
comply with the maximum contaminant level (MCL) for total
trihalomethanes (TTHM), many utilities have modified their
pre-oxidation and disinfection practices by switching to
alternative oxidants and disinfectants in place of free chlorine.
Examples of such modifications include the use of chlorine dioxide
(C102), ozone (O3) or potassium permanganate (KMnO4) as
pre-oxidants and disinfectants with free chlorine used as the final
disinfectant, and the use of free chlorine as a pre-oxidant and
disinfectant with combined chlorine (e.g., monochloramine (NH2Cl))
used as the final disinfectant. In fact, the final rule
establishing an MCL for TTHM in November 1979 (EPA, 1979) was
followed in March 1982 by a guidance document for utilities in
which the EPA proposed treatment technologies which could be used
to control trihalomethane (THM) levels. Three of the five
"generally available" treatment methods included the use of
chloramines or chlorine dioxide as alternative or supplemental
disinfectants or oxidants, and the substitution of chloramines,
chlorine dioxide, and potassium permanganate as pre-oxidants in
place of chlorine. The proposal also included, as an additional
treatment method which should be considered but which was not
identified as "generally available," the use of ozone as an
alternate or supplemental disinfectant or oxidant. These proposals
were subsequently adopted by EPA in February 1983 (EPA, 1983). At
the time
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