The division of the late Roman Empire into two theoretically
cooperating parts by the brothers Valentinian and Valens in 364
deeply influenced many aspects of government in each of the
divisions. Although the imperial policies during this
well-documented and formative period are generally understood to
have been driven by the religious and ideological aims of the
emperors, R. Malcolm Errington argues that the emperors were
actually much more pragmatic in their decision making than has
previously been assumed. The division of responsibilities between
the emperors inevitably encouraged separate developments and
allowed locally varying and often changing imperial attitudes
toward different forms of religious belief. Errington demonstrates
that the main stimulus for action in this period nearly always came
from below the level of the imperial government, and not from an
imperial initiative. Extending the theory of Fergus Millar into the
later empire, Errington argues that the emperors were fundamentally
reactive to regionally supplied information, as Millar has asserted
was the case for the High Empire. Thus, despite significant
structural changes, the empire remained broadly traditional in its
operations.
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