Both Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping drastically altered the course
of contemporary China's economic development using opposing
strategies. Mao froze China's economic system in a perennial state
of consumer goods shortages and pervasive macro disequilibria.
Deng, however, began thawing a rigidly structured system by
introducing experimental reform measures. Mao's revolutionary
rhetoric brought China's economy to the brink of bankruptcy. Deng's
ideological pragmatism netted China glowing successes. Mao closed
China to the outside world. Deng engineered China's reintegration
into the world economy.
Dismantling a dysfunctional system and replacing it with a
dynamic new one involving 1.2 billion people is risk-laden. Reform
in China began in 1978. It was tentative and experimental,
confining reform to organizational and administrative
decentralization on farms. Successes on farms ushered in reform
elsewhere in the economy. Over time, market-based coordinating
mechanisms progressively began replacing the systeM's control
devices. Results from decentralization internally reinforced those
from liberalization externally. This consequently transformed
China's stale, distorted system into a more competitive, bustling
new one ready for developmental takeoff. Its meteoric rise among
the world's leading markets in recent years has thrust China's
economy to the forefront of growth and development. Controlled,
phased reform is yielding dividends, not only for its own consumers
but for international economic cooperation and growth as well.
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