Tarquinia was one of the principal cities of ancient Etruria, the
most powerful nation in pre-Roman Italy, and has been at the
forefront of Etruscan studies since the early days of antiquarian
scholarship. The lack of Etruscan literature and problems with the
interpretation of ancient sources have given archaeology a very
significant role to play in understanding this elusive
civilisation. Robert Leighton charts the history of the site and
its interpretation, from its use in early propaganda under the
Medici and other Tuscan rulers, to nineteenth-century interest in
the discovery of the painted tombs, for which the site is famous,
and twentieth-century concentration on the extensive prehistoric
burial grounds which provide evidence for the 'proto-Etruscan'
Villanovan culture. He considers the significance of Etruscan art
in the Archaic period, a topic of hot debate, setting it in the
context of economic organisation, long-distance trade and the
important role of Tarquinia's port of Gravisca. Recent explorations
of the city walls and public and religious buildings of Hellenistic
and later date are also discussed.
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