The Nobel Prize-winning economist Robert Solow directs his
attention here to one of today's most controversial social issues:
how to get people off welfare and into jobs. With characteristic
eloquence, wit, and rigor, Solow condemns the welfare reforms
recently passed by Congress and President Clinton for confronting
welfare recipients with an unworkable choice--finding work in the
current labor market or losing benefits. He argues that the only
practical and fair way to move recipients to work is, in contrast,
through an ambitious plan to guarantee that every able-bodied
citizen has access to a job.
Solow contends that the demand implicit in the 1996 Welfare
Reform Act for welfare recipients to find work in the existing
labor market has two crucial flaws. First, the labor market would
not easily make room for a huge influx of unskilled, inexperienced
workers. Second, the normal market adjustment to that influx would
drive down earnings for those already in low-wage jobs. Solow
concludes that it is legitimate to want welfare recipients to work,
but not to want them to live at a miserable standard or to benefit
at the expense of the working poor, especially since children are
often the first to suffer. Instead, he writes, we should create new
demand for unskilled labor through public-service employment and
incentives to the private sector--in effect, fair "workfare." Solow
presents widely ignored evidence that recipients themselves would
welcome the chance to work. But he also points out that practical,
morally defensible workfare would be extremely expensive--a problem
that politicians who support the idea blithely fail to admit.
Throughout, Solow places debate over welfare reform in the context
of a struggle to balance competing social values, in particular
self-reliance and altruism.
The book originated in Solow's 1997 Tanner Lectures on Human
Values at Princeton University. It includes reactions from the
distinguished scholars Gertrude Himmelfarb, Anthony Lewis, Glenn
Loury, and John Roemer, who expand on and take issue with Solow's
arguments. "Work and Welfare" is a powerful contribution to debate
about welfare reform and a penetrating look at the values that
shape its course.
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