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The Surface Waters of Michigan - Hydrology and Qualitative Characteristics and Purification for Public Use (Paperback)
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The Surface Waters of Michigan - Hydrology and Qualitative Characteristics and Purification for Public Use (Paperback)
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There are 34 primary river systems in Michigan that have watersheds
of 250 square miles or more, and 9 secondary river systems that
have watersheds of 500 square miles or more. The mean annual
discharge rates of the trunk rivers of these systems range from a
minimum of about 0.60 to a maximum of about 1.35 cubic feet per
second per square mile of watershed. The regimen of Michigan
streams is remarkably uniform in comparison with that of streams in
many other parts of the country. This characteristic is favorable
to the utilization of stream flow for practically all purposes. The
qualities of the waters of the Great Lakes are better than those of
the average of the inland river systems of the State. Michigan is
justly classed as a hardwater state even in consideration of its
surface waters alone, for few streams have waters as soft as the
average for the United States as a whole. The purification of
Michigan surface waters involves functions and processes for the
removal of bacteria, clarification, softening, the removal of iron
and manganese, the destruction of algae, and the removal of
disagreeable tastes and odors. The physical structures and
equipment to accomplish these purposes include screening devices,
aerators, chemical treatment devices, sedimentation equipment,
filters, and sterilization equipment. A tabulation of descriptive
data and functional characteristics of 27 gravity rapid-sand
filtration plants in Michigan discloses a variety of designs, old
and modern, for treatment ranging from simple bacterial removal for
invariably clear lake waters to complicated softening for highly
variable, turbid, mineralized, and waste-polluted river waters.
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