Over the past 200 years, a health reform movement has emerged
about every 80 years. These clean living cycles surged with, or
were tangential to, a religious awakening. Simultaneously with
these awakenings, out groups such as immigrants and/or youth were
seen to exhibit behaviors that undermined society. Middle class
fear of these dangerous classes and a desire to eliminate disease,
crime, and other perceived health or social problems led to
crusades in each of the three reform eras against alcohol, tobacco,
drugs, certain foods, and sexual behaviors. A backlash began to
emerge from some segments of the population against reform efforts.
After the dissipation of the activism phase, laws made during the
reform era often became ignored or repealed. With a few exceptions,
during the 30 to 40 year ebb of the cycle, the memory of the
movement disappeared from public awareness.
The desire for improved health and social conditions also led to
campaigns in favor of exercise, semi-vegetarian diets, women's
rights, chastity, and eugenics. Engs describes the interweaving of
temperance, women's rights, or religion with most health issues.
Factions of established faiths emerged to fight perceived
immorality, while alternative religions formed and adopted health
reform as dogma. In the reform phase of each cycle, a new
infectious disease threatened the population. Some alternative
medical practices became popular that later were incorporated into
orthodox medicine and public health. Ironically, over each
succeeding movement, reformers became more likely to represent
grass roots beliefs, or even to be state or federal officials,
rather than independent activists.
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