Several federal agencies, including the Small Business
Administration (SBA), provide training and other assistance to
veterans seeking civilian employment. For example, the Department
of Labor, in cooperation with the Department of Defense and the
Department of Veterans Affairs, operates the Transition Assistance
Program (TAP) and the Disabled Transition Assistance Program
(DTAP). Both programs provide employment information and training
to service members within 180 days of their separation from
military service, or retirement, to assist them in transitioning
from the military to the civilian labor force. In recent years, the
SBA has focused increased attention on meeting the needs of veteran
small business owners and veterans interested in starting a small
business, especially veterans who are transitioning from military
to civilian life. In FY2011, the SBA provided management and
technical assistance services to more than 100,000 veterans through
its various management and technical assistance training partners
(e.g., Small Business Development Centers, Women Business Centers,
Service Corps of Retired Executives (SCORE), and Veteran Business
Outreach Centers). The SBA also responded to more than 85,000
veteran inquires through its SBA district offices. In addition, the
SBA's Office of Veterans Business Development administers several
programs to assist veteran-owned small businesses. Congressional
interest in the SBA's veterans assistance programs has increased in
recent years primarily due to reports by veterans organizations
that veterans were experiencing difficulty accessing the SBA's
programs, especially the SBA's Patriot Express loan guarantee
program. There is also a continuing congressional interest in
assisting veterans, especially those returning from overseas in
recent years, in their transition from military into civilian life.
Although the unemployment rate (as of July 2012) among veterans as
a whole (6.9%) was lower than for nonveterans (8.3%), the
unemployment rate of veterans who have left the military since
September 2001 (8.9%) was higher than the unemployment rate for
non-veterans. The expansion of federal employment training programs
targeted at specific populations, such as women and veterans, has
also led some Members and organizations to ask if these programs
should be consolidated. In their view, eliminating program
duplication among federal business assistance programs across
federal agencies, and within the SBA, would result in lower costs
and improved services. Others argue that keeping these business
assistance programs separate enables them to offer services that
match the unique needs of various underserved populations, such as
veterans. In their view, instead of considering program
consolidation as a policy option, the focus should be on improving
communication and cooperation among the federal agencies providing
assistance to entrepreneurs. This report opens with an examination
of the current economic circumstances of veteran-owned businesses
drawn from the Bureau of the Census 2007 Survey of Business Owners,
which was administered in 2008 and 2009, and released on the
Internet on May 17, 2011. It then provides a brief overview of
veteran employment experiences, comparing unemployment and labor
force participation rates for veterans, veterans who have left the
military since September 2001, and non-veterans. The report then
describes the employment assistance programs offered by several
federal agencies to assist veterans in their transition from the
military to the civilian labor force, and examines, in greater
detail, the SBA's veteran business development programs, the SBA's
Patriot Express loan guarantee program, and veteran contracting
programs. The SBA's Military Reservist Economic Injury Disaster
Loan program is also discussed.
General
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