This book is intended for readers who have had or currently have a
course in difference equations or iso-differential calculus. It can
be used for a senior undergraduate course. Chapter 1 deals with the
linear first-order iso-difference equations, equilibrium points,
eventually equilibrium points, periodic points and cycles. Chapter
2 are introduces iso-difference calculus and the general theory of
the linear homogeneous and nonhomogeneous iso-difference equations.
Chapter 3 studies the systems of linear iso-difference equations
and the linear periodic systems. Chapter 4 is devoted to the
stability theory. They are considered the non-autonomous linear
systems, Lyapunov's direct method, and stability by linear
approximation. Chapter 5 discusses the oscillation theory. The
oscillation theory is defined as the iso-self-adjoint second-order
iso-difference equations and they are given some of their
properties. They are considered some classes of nonlinear
iso-difference equations. Chapter 6 studies the asymptotic behavior
of some classes of iso-difference equations. Time scales
iso-calculus is introduced in Chapter 7. They are given the main
properties of the backward and forward jump iso-operators. They are
considered the iso-differentiation and iso-integration. They are
introduced as the iso-Hilger's complex plane and the
iso-exponential function.
General
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