During the thirteen months covered by this volume, Thomas
Jefferson spent more than half of his time in Philadelphia serving
as vice president under President John Adams and presiding over a
Senate that was dominated by his political opponents, the
Federalists. Debates in Congress took place against a backdrop of
bitter partisan rivalry, characterized most famously by the
near-brawl on the floor of the House between Matthew Lyon and Roger
Griswold. Congress and the nation waited, in a "state of
extraordinary suspense," for dispatches from the American envoys in
France. When the accounts of the XYZ Affair became public, the
nation prepared for war. Two days after the Alien Friends Act was
signed into law Jefferson left for Monticello, stopping at
Montpelier to convey the latest news to James Madison. Disheartened
and frustrated by the Alien and Sedition Acts, Jefferson penned the
famous resolutions adopted in November by the Kentucky legislature.
He kept his authorship a secret, however, seeking to avoid any
appearance of "rashness" by Republicans. This endeavor reflected
his struggle to make sense of the political direction of the nation
in times he could neither comprehend nor accept.
Jefferson continued to engage in scientific pursuits and fulfill
his role as a promoter of American science and learning. He was
reelected to the presidency of the American Philosophical Society,
to which he presented his paper on the moldboard plow. He
corresponded on American Indian languages, astronomy, and the
Anglo-Saxon language. He longed for Monticello, and, as Jefferson
had learned before, his property fell into neglect when he was away
on public business. Renovations to the house slowed, supplies for
the nailery were disrupted, and he had to arrange for the sale of
his crops through intermediaries. With the prices of wheat low, he
was drawn back into financial dependence on tobacco.
General
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