It is well established that among the many known and tested
immunomodulators, polysaccharides isolated from various natural
sources occupy a prominent position. beta-Glucans belong to a group
of biologically active natural compounds called biological response
modifiers. These substances represent highly conserved structural
components of cell walls in yeast, fungi, grain and seaweed. Its
role as an immunomodulator has been well documented for over 50
years. Initial interest in the immunomodulatory properties of
polysaccharides was raised after experiments revealed that a crude
yeast cell preparation stimulated macrophages via activation of
complement. Glucan represents a type of immunostimulant that is
active over the full spectrum of biological species, which allowed
glucan to be used as a potent immunostimulator in commercially
important species such as shrimps, fish or pigs. In the last
decade, a renewed interest in human application has brought about
some important studies on orally-administered glucan resulting in
18 currently running clinical trials.Fortunately, in the last
years, research in reputable laboratories has reached a phase when
the basic mechanisms of beta-glucan effects are known and the
relationship between structure and activity were clearly
established. It seems now that beta-glucans will finally take a
position which was ascribed to them more than fifty years ago.
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