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Astrocytes in (Patho)Physiology of the Nervous System (Hardcover, 2009 ed.)
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Astrocytes in (Patho)Physiology of the Nervous System (Hardcover, 2009 ed.)
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Astrocytes were the original neuroglia that Ramon y Cajal
visualized in 1913 using a gold sublimate stain. This stain
targeted intermediate filaments that we now know consist mainly of
glial fibrillary acidic protein, a protein used today as an
astrocytic marker. Cajal described the morphological diversity of
these cells with some ast- cytes surrounding neurons, while the
others are intimately associated with vasculature. We start the
book by discussing the heterogeneity of astrocytes using
contemporary tools and by calling into question the assumption by
classical neuroscience that neurons and glia are derived from
distinct pools of progenitor cells. Astrocytes have long been
neglected as active participants in intercellular communication and
information processing in the central nervous system, in part due
to their lack of electrical excitability. The follow up chapters
review the "nuts and bolts" of ast- cytic physiology; astrocytes
possess a diverse assortment of ion channels, neu- transmitter
receptors, and transport mechanisms that enable the astrocytes to
respond to many of the same signals that act on neurons. Since
astrocytes can detect chemical transmitters that are released from
neurons and can release their own extracellular signals there is an
increasing awareness that they play physiological roles in
regulating neuronal activity and synaptic transmission. In addition
to these physiological roles, it is becoming increasingly
recognized that astrocytes play critical roles during
pathophysiological states of the nervous system; these states
include gliomas, Alexander disease, and epilepsy to mention a few.
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