First published in 1932, this book looks at a period that has often
been thought of as a time of general decline in the most
characteristic features of medieval civilisation. While
acknowledging decline in many areas during this period - the power
of the Church, feudalism, guilds, the Hanseatic League, the
autonomy of towns and the end of the two Roman empires - the author
argues that there was also signs of development. National
consciousness, the power of the bourgeoisie and trade and industry
all rose markedly in this period alongside intellectual and
artistic achievements outside of Italy. This book asserts that in
amongst the failure and decline new forces were creating new
substitutes.
General
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