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Entrepreneurship education and training - insights from Ghana, Kenya, and Mozambique (Paperback)
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Entrepreneurship education and training - insights from Ghana, Kenya, and Mozambique (Paperback)
Series: World Bank studies
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Empirical research has found that entrepreneurial activity
correlates positively with innovation and job creation, and
governments around the world have shown a growing interest in
interventions that promote entrepreneurial success. However,
research on whether entrepreneurial success can be taught has
reached mixed conclusions, and even the landscape of what is being
taught is poorly known. This study looks closely at entrepreneurial
education and training (EET) programs in three case study countries
in Africa - Kenya, Ghana, and Mozambique - which are all
experiencing sustained economic growth and diversification in their
private sectors. It draws on both global and country-specific
research and on the experience of stakeholders in the case
countries. The study identifies practical insights relevant to
various target groups, intended outcomes, and social and economic
contexts. Overall, it paints a comprehensive picture of both the
context for entrepreneurship and the landscape of programs in the
case countries. Among its key findings are these: (i) Key
macroeconomic trends give reason for optimism about the trajectory
of private sector development, but serious barriers to
entrepreneurship remain in each country. Corruption, prohibitively
high taxes, and burdensome regulatory regimes remain impediments,
along with crime. Stakeholders interviewed (potential and
practicing entrepreneurs) also cite cultural disincentives and lack
of access to finance. (ii) The EET program landscape is highly
varied. The programs often emerge as responses to urgent
challenges, such as urban youth unemployment, but in the aggregate
they target a wide range of learners, from secondary students to
university business majors to rural women, and their focus ranges
from poverty reduction to attitudinal change. (iii) Too many
programs are insufficiently tailored to their participants'
backgrounds and needs, attempting to use a single curriculum with
participants of varying ages, educational backgrounds, and
expectations. (iv) Whereas stakeholders believe business acumen and
an entrepreneurial mindset are key to business success, few
programs address this. (v) Finally, stakeholders express a strong
desire for more business community mentorship and for better access
to finance; these are areas that some programs do address, and with
positive results, but much more is needed. The findings in this
report can inform EET policy and program dialogue at multiple
levels, guiding the investment decisions that policymakers and
government institutions must make and more clearly indicating where
further research in the EET realm is most needed.
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