Aims and Scope This book is both an introductory textbook and a research monograph on modeling the statistical structure of natural images. In very simple terms, "natural images" are photographs of the typical environment where we live. In this book, their statistical structure is described using a number of statistical models whose parameters are estimated from image samples. Our main motivation for exploring natural image statistics is computational m- eling of biological visual systems. A theoretical framework which is gaining more and more support considers the properties of the visual system to be re?ections of the statistical structure of natural images because of evolutionary adaptation processes. Another motivation for natural image statistics research is in computer science and engineering, where it helps in development of better image processing and computer vision methods. While research on natural image statistics has been growing rapidly since the mid-1990s, no attempt has been made to cover the ?eld in a single book, providing a uni?ed view of the different models and approaches. This book attempts to do just that. Furthermore, our aim is to provide an accessible introduction to the ?eld for students in related disciplines.

Terror, dread, and violence against civilian populations constitute a true predicament of our contemporary political world. Authoritarian governments develop methods to capitalize on the arts in support of terror, where violence and trauma provoke more of the same in a vicious circle. This book argues that the arts--from film and literature to painting and comics--offers qualitatively different readings of terror and trauma, readings that endeavor to resist the exploitation and perpetuation of violence. The contributors suggest that political inquiry into the phenomenon of terror may benefit profoundly by developing non-reductive ways of reading the arts.

The growth of telecommunications has been largely based on mobile and data services in the past 10 years and this growth will continue. For instance, it is forecasted that after 2005 the mobile traffic turnover in Europe will exceed that of fixed telephone traffic, and the penetration of Internet access through mobile will exceed that of fixed access. It is expected that new value-added services will be Internet-based and that IP traffic will outweigh the amount of traditional ISDN based telephone traffic. The transition from existing telecommunications services to mobile and Internet-based services will change the service infrastructure as well as the customer and service management structures. This volume comprises the proceedings of the Working Conference on Personal Wireless Communications (PWC'2001), which was sponsored by the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP) and organized by IFIP Working Group 6.8. It was held in Lappeenranta, Finland in August 2001. The PWC'2001 conference is a forum for tutorials, discussions and presentations of new developments in mobile and wireless research. The contributions to this volume have been divided into six categories that vary from voice over IP implementations to quality of service issues; from service aspects to performance and modelling issues; from modern cellular networks to future wireless systems. This volume will be essential reading for IT students and researchers as well as for theoreticians interested in the current state of the telecommunication systems.

Smart Networks comprises the proceedings of Smartnet'2002, the seventh conference on Intelligence in Networks, which was sponsored by the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP) and organized by Working Group 6.7. It was held in Saariselka, Finland, in April 2002.
The conference series closely reflects the developments in networking."

Offering an interdisciplinary approach to narrative, this book investigates storyworlds and minds in narratives across media, from literature to digital games and reality TV, from online sadomasochism to oral history databases, and from horror to hallucinations. It addresses two core questions of contemporary narrative theory, inspired by recent cognitive-scientific developments: what kind of a construction is a storyworld, and what kind of mental functioning can be embedded in it? Minds and worlds become essential facets of making sense and interpreting narratives as the book asks how story-internal minds relate to the mind external to the storyworld, that is, the mind processing the story. With essays from social scientists, literary scholars, linguists, and scholars from interactive media studies answering these topical questions, the collection brings diverse disciplines into dialogue, providing new openings for genuinely transdisciplinary narrative theory. The wide-ranging selection of materials analyzed in the book promotes knowledge on the latest forms of cultural and social meaning-making through narrative, necessary for navigating the contemporary, mediatized cultural landscape. The combination of theoretical reflection and empirical analysis makes this book an invaluable resource for scholars and advanced students in fields including literary studies, social sciences, art, media, and communication.

This volume explores the way that interpretations are constructed and pursued in political action. Each article in this collection develops a methodology appropriate to a substantive problem in politics. The collection is broad in its geographical scope, ranging from Ireland to South Africa, the USA to Finland. Collectively the authors redefine the notion of the "political" by considering the socio-linguistic construction of "the self" and "identity", looking at: the symbolic power of national anthems; discourses of sexual politics; the politics of political science textbooks; and the role of the researcher in fieldwork. Written to a practical brief, with no purely methodological chapters, each contribution addresses issues in highly contextualized circumstances.

"Interpreting the Political" explores the way that interpretations are constructed and pursued in political action. Each article in this collection develops a methodology appropriate to a substantive problem in politics.
The collection is broad in its geographical scope, ranging from Ireland to South Africa, the US to Finland. The authors redefine the notion of the "political" by considering the socio-linguistic construction of "the self" and "identity," looking at the symbolic power of national anthems, discourses of sexual politics, the politics of political science textbooks, and the role of the researcher in fieldwork. Each contribution addresses concrete issues in highly contextualized circumstances. "Interpreting the Political" reflects a commitment to methodological pluralism and the reconstruction of political science as a wide-ranging discipline.
Contributors: Josef Bleicher, Valerie Bresnihan, Terrell Carver, James Der Derian, Andres du Toit, Matti Hyvarinen, Marja Keranen, Veronique Mottier, Kari Palonen, Mary Robinson, Klaus Sondermann.

Offering an interdisciplinary approach to narrative, this book investigates storyworlds and minds in narratives across media, from literature to digital games and reality TV, from online sadomasochism to oral history databases, and from horror to hallucinations. It addresses two core questions of contemporary narrative theory, inspired by recent cognitive-scientific developments: what kind of a construction is a storyworld, and what kind of mental functioning can be embedded in it? Minds and worlds become essential facets of making sense and interpreting narratives as the book asks how story-internal minds relate to the mind external to the storyworld, that is, the mind processing the story. With essays from social scientists, literary scholars, linguists, and scholars from interactive media studies answering these topical questions, the collection brings diverse disciplines into dialogue, providing new openings for genuinely transdisciplinary narrative theory. The wide-ranging selection of materials analyzed in the book promotes knowledge on the latest forms of cultural and social meaning-making through narrative, necessary for navigating the contemporary, mediatized cultural landscape. The combination of theoretical reflection and empirical analysis makes this book an invaluable resource for scholars and advanced students in fields including literary studies, social sciences, art, media, and communication.

The growth of telecommunications has been largely based on mobile and data services in the past 10 years and this growth will continue. For instance, it is forecasted that after 2005 the mobile traffic turnover in Europe will exceed that of fixed telephone traffic, and the penetration of Internet access through mobile will exceed that of fixed access. It is expected that new value-added services will be Internet-based and that IP traffic will outweigh the amount of traditional ISDN based telephone traffic. The transition from existing telecommunications services to mobile and Internet-based services will change the service infrastructure as well as the customer and service management structures. This volume comprises the proceedings of the Working Conference on Personal Wireless Communications (PWC'2001), which was sponsored by the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP) and organized by IFIP Working Group 6.8. It was held in Lappeenranta, Finland in August 2001. The PWC'2001 conference is a forum for tutorials, discussions and presentations of new developments in mobile and wireless research.The contributions to this volume have been divided into six categories that vary from voice over IP implementations to quality of service issues; from service aspects to performance and modelling issues; from modern cellular networks to future wireless systems. This volume will be essential reading for IT students and researchers as well as for theoreticians interested in the current state of the telecommunication systems.

Smart Networks comprises the proceedings of Smartnet'2002, the seventh conference on Intelligence in Networks, which was sponsored by the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP) and organized by Working Group 6.7. It was held in Saariselka, Finland, in April 2002. The conference series closely reflects the developments in networking.

A comprehensive introduction to ICA for students and practitioners

Independent Component Analysis (ICA) is one of the most exciting new topics in fields such as neural networks, advanced statistics, and signal processing. This is the first book to provide a comprehensive introduction to this new technique complete with the fundamental mathematical background needed to understand and utilize it. It offers a general overview of the basics of ICA, important solutions and algorithms, and in-depth coverage of new applications in image processing, telecommunications, audio signal processing, and more.

Independent Component Analysis is divided into four sections that cover:

• General mathematical concepts utilized in the book
• The basic ICA model and its solution
• Various extensions of the basic ICA model
• Real-world applications for ICA models

Authors Hyvärinen, Karhunen, and Oja are well known for their contributions to the development of ICA and here cover all the relevant theory, new algorithms, and applications in various fields. Researchers, students, and practitioners from a variety of disciplines will find this accessible volume both helpful and informative.

An invitation from the Editors to contribute to 'Studies of Brain Functions' with a monograph on the parietal lobe of fers me an opportunity to present in a concentrated form my studies on this part of the brain from a period of some what over a decade. The parietal lobe, notably its posterior part, is a very complex neural system whose functions I have been able to study only superficially and without ex tensive coverage of all its parts. Therefore I did not want to limit myself entirely to my own work but found the task of writing more interesti'ng by including sections reviewing rel evant literature. Thus Chapter III dealing with the primary somatosensory cortex and Chapters IX, X, and XI concerning area 7 describe work done in my laboratory. Chapter VIII describes microelectrode work on area 7 and covers both the work of my group and that of others working on this area. Chapters II and IV to VII are based on closely related anatomical, physiological and clinical studies performed by others, and Chapter XII is a personal attempt at a synthesis of the functions of the parietal lobe. Thus this monograph is neither a strict review of all important works on the parietal lobe nor is it limited only to my own studies and those of my collaborators. Instead it attempts to be a balanced ex position of both aspects promoting, hopefully, a synthetic view of the primate parietal lobe."

Aims and Scope This book is both an introductory textbook and a research monograph on modeling the statistical structure of natural images. In very simple terms, "natural images" are photographs of the typical environment where we live. In this book, their statistical structure is described using a number of statistical models whose parameters are estimated from image samples. Our main motivation for exploring natural image statistics is computational m- eling of biological visual systems. A theoretical framework which is gaining more and more support considers the properties of the visual system to be re?ections of the statistical structure of natural images because of evolutionary adaptation processes. Another motivation for natural image statistics research is in computer science and engineering, where it helps in development of better image processing and computer vision methods. While research on natural image statistics has been growing rapidly since the mid-1990s, no attempt has been made to cover the ?eld in a single book, providing a uni?ed view of the different models and approaches. This book attempts to do just that. Furthermore, our aim is to provide an accessible introduction to the ?eld for students in related disciplines.

This book advances the argument that the arts, from film and literature to painting and comics, offer qualitatively different readings of terror and trauma that endeavor to resist the exploitation and perpetuation of violence.

These notes are based on the material presented in a series of lec tures in the IBM Systems Research Institute (ESRI) in Geneva durJng 1967-1969 to systems engineers working in the design and programming of computer systems for control and monitoring of i nustrial proc esses. The purpose of the lectures and this book is to give a survey of dif ferent approaches in developing models to describe the behavior of the process in terms of controllable variables. It does not cover the theory of control, stability of control systems, nor techniques in data acquisition or problems in instrumentation and sampling. But certain aspects in the organization of data collection and design of experiments are obtained as side products, notably the concept of orthogonality. The reader is assumed to have a working knowledge of elementary prob ability theory and mathematical statistics. Therefore, the text con tains no introduction to these concepts. The author is aware of some inaccuracies in not making proper dis tinction between population parameters and their sample estimates in the text, but this should alw s be evident from the context. The same applies to the occasional replacement of number of degrees of freedom by the number of samples in the data. In practice, computer collected sets of data consist of a high number of samples and the difference between the two is inSignificant."

This book is based on lectures given by the author at the IBM European Systems Research Institute (ESRI) in Geneva. Information Theory on the syntactic level, as introduced by Claude Shannon in 1949, has many limitations when applied to information processing by computers. But in spite of some obvious shortcomings, the underlyin~ principles are of fundamental importance for systems engineers in understanding the nature of the problems of handling information, its acquisition, storage, processing, and interpretation. The lectures, as presented in this book, attempt to give an exposition of the lovical foundation and basic principles, and to provide at the same time a basis for further study in more specific areas of this expan1in~ theory, such as coding, detection, pattern recognition, and filtering. Most of the problems in Appendix C are intended as extensions of the text, while calling for actjve participation by the stu1ent. Some other problems are direct applications of the theory to specific situations. Some problems require extensive numerical calculations. It is assumed in those cases that the student has access to a computer and that he is capable of writing the necessary programs. The stu1ent is assumed to have a good command of the calculus, and of the theory of probability as well as statistics. Therefore no basic mathematical concepts are discussed in this IV book. The Fourier transform and some related mathematical concepts are introduced in Appendix A.

Muttersprachliche Sprachbenutzer sind in der Lage, andere Menschen normgerecht zu begrussen, einen schoenen Tag zu wunschen, Beileid auszusprechen und emotive Reaktionen wie Enttauschung und Freude zu verbalisieren. In einer Diskussion koennen sie u.a. das Thema wechseln, die Aufmerksamkeit des Gesprachspartners wecken und Formulierungsschwierigkeiten zum Ausdruck bringen. Das heisst, dass wir Sprachbenutzer in unserer alltaglichen Kommunikation pragmatische Phraseologismen verwenden. Die Studie beschreibt den Status quo der lexikografischen Darstellung dieser Phraseologismen in den heutigen Woerterbuchern. Es werden zudem Woerterbuchartikelmodelle fur pragmatische Phraseologismen konzipiert, die fur ein elektronisches UEbersetzungswoerterbuch mit Deutsch, Finnisch und Franzoesisch gedacht sind.

Gelungener Wissenstransfer und gelungene Popularisierung setzen eine zielgruppenorientierte Aufbereitung von Informationen voraus. Die Beitrage eroertern die Problematik einer verstandlichen Informationsubermittlung aus verschiedenen Perspektiven. Im Mittelpunkt stehen einerseits unterschiedliche Wissensdomanen wie Linguistik, Naturwissenschaften, Medizin und Sport. Andererseits beschaftigen sich die Autorinnen und Autoren mit verschiedenen linguistischen Beschreibungsebenen wie der lexikalischen und der textuellen Ebene. Hierbei stellen sie unterschiedliche Medien in den Fokus der Betrachtung.

Die Autorin zeigt anhand des psycholinguistischen "Quaestio"-Begriffs, dass Notrufe auf einer kommunikativen Aufgabe beziehungsweise "Quaestio" beruhen. Wird diese kommunikative Aufgabe zeitweilig unterbrochen, geschieht dies unter der Pramisse, dass die Gesprachsteilnehmer darauf verzichten, unter Zeitdruck das Gesprach moeglichst schnell abzuschliessen. Das Buch untersucht, welche Funktionen solche Redesequenzen im Notruf ubernehmen und welche Sachverhalte ausserhalb der "Hauptquaestio" kommuniziert werden. Die Gesprachsteilnehmer nutzen Nebenstrukturen, die die kommunikative Hauptaufgabe nicht direkt beantworten, als ein geeignetes Werkzeug zur Vermittlung zusatzlicher einsatzbezogener Informationen.