Making a clear distinction is made between nano- and micro-mechanical testing for physical reasons, this monograph describes the basics and applications of the supermicroscopies AFM and SNOM, and of the nanomechanical testing on rough and technical natural surfaces in the submicron range down to a lateral resolution of a few nm. New or improved instrumentation, new physical laws and unforeseen new applications in all branches of natural sciences (around physics, chemistry, mineralogy, materials science, biology and medicine) and nanotechnology are covered as well as the sources for pitfalls and errors. It outlines the handling of natural and technical samples in relation to those of flat standard samples and emphasizes new special features. Pitfalls and sources of errors are clearly demonstrated as well as their efficient remedy when going from molecularly flat to rough surfaces. The academic or industrial scientist learns how to apply the principles for tackling their scientific or manufacturing tasks that include roughness far away from standard samples.

Making a clear distinction is made between nano- and micro-mechanical testing for physical reasons, this monograph describes the basics and applications of the supermicroscopies AFM and SNOM, and of the nanomechanical testing on rough and technical natural surfaces in the submicron range down to a lateral resolution of a few nm. New or improved instrumentation, new physical laws and unforeseen new applications in all branches of natural sciences (around physics, chemistry, mineralogy, materials science, biology and medicine) and nanotechnology are covered as well as the sources for pitfalls and errors. It outlines the handling of natural and technical samples in relation to those of flat standard samples and emphasizes new special features. Pitfalls and sources of errors are clearly demonstrated as well as their efficient remedy when going from molecularly flat to rough surfaces. The academic or industrial scientist learns how to apply the principles for tackling their scientific or manufacturing tasks that include roughness far away from standard samples.

This volume contains manuscripts based upon talks presented at the International Symposium on Signal Transduction in Photoreceptor Cells which was held at the Forschungszentrum Jiilich August 8-11, 1990. * The meeting was dedicated to the memory of Hermann Kuhn who made major contributions to our understand ing of transduction pathways in visual cells. Presentations at the meeting were organized around the following topics: (1) Rhodopsin Structure and Function, (2) Transducin and Phosphodiesterase, (3) Arrestin and Kinase, (4) The cGMP-gated 2 channel, (5) Role of Ca + in Photoreceptors, and (6) Transduction in Inverte brates. In a Plenary Lecture, D. Oesterhelt (Martinsried, FRG) described the sen sory transduction system of the halobacteria. These primitive organisms employ several retinal-containing pigments for sensory and ion-translocation purposes. Their study is intrinsically interesting as well as serving as potential models for the understanding of more complex systems. Study of the structure and function of rhodopsin has been greatly aided by use of the methods of molecular biology. T. Sakmar (Cambridge, MA, USA) described his use of site specific mutagenesis to make systematic substitutions of charged residues in the transmembrane helices of rhodopsin, leading to iden tification of the particular glutamic acid residue that serves as a counterion for the protonated Schiff base. Vertebrate rhodopsin has also been cloned and ex pressed in the baculovirus system, (W. DeGrip, Nijmegen, The Netherlands) which should facilitate production of sufficient quantities of mutant rhodopsin to allow biophysical studies."

Italian Balestra Type Updraft Rice Hull Gas Producer (1910 - 1944) 216 Chinese Rice Hull Gas Producer 221 Design Considerations for Ash Removal Systems 224 Ash Removal Designs 226 Summary 237 Design Considerations for the Gas Exit 237 Air Injection Designs 243 Design of a Small (2 - 20 hp) Rice Hull Gas Producer 246 Open Core Gas Producer 256 .Mode of Operation 258 Gas Cleaning Train 278 Sieve Plate Scrubber and Dry Packed Bed Filter 280 Experimental Procedures and Results 284 Summary 295 List of Symbols 296 References 298 VIII LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 1-1 Energy fractions in gaseous components as a function of the equivalence ratio 4 1-2 Ignition advancement versus hydrogen content of producer gas 9 1-3 Soot formation as a function of H/C and 0/C ratio 11 1-4 Soot formation as a function of H/C ratio 12 1-5 Power output as a function of 12 1-6 Ultimate elemental analysis on an ash and moisture free basis of various biomass fuels 16 1-7 Block diagram of parameters involved in the gasification process 17 5-l Co-current or downdraft gasification 52 5-2 Accumulative mass loss curve 54 5-3 Differential mass loss curve 54 5-4 Differential thermal analysis 55 5-5 Counter-current or updraft gasification 57 5 6 Equilibrium of the water shift reaction as a function of temperature in a fluidized bed rice hull gasifier 61 5-7 Kp(T) as a function of T 62 5-8 Range of computed gas compositions as a function of"

This monograph was prepared for the Agency for International Development, Washington D. C. 20523. The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance ofthe following Research Assistants in the Department of Agricultural Engineering: G. Lamorey, E. A. Osman and K. Sachs. J. L. Bumgarner, Draftsman for the Department, did most ofthe ink drawings. The writing of the monograph provided an unique opportunity to collect and study a significant part of the English and some German literature on the subject starting about the year 1900. It may be concluded that, despite renewed worldwide efforts in this field, only in significant advances have been made in the design of gas producer-engine systems. Eschborn, February l3, 1984 Albrecht Kaupp Contents Chapter I: Introduction and Summary 1 Chapter II: History of Small Gas Producer Engine Systems 8 Chemistry of Gasification 25 Chapter III: Gas Producers 46 Chapter IV: Chapter V: Fuel 100 Chapter VI: Conditioning of Producer Gas 142 Chapter VII: Internal Combustion Engines 226 Chapter VIII: Economics 268 Legend 277 CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION Gasification of coal and biomass can be considered to be a century old technology."

Chemistry ot Organic Compounds von CARL R. NOLLER, Professor der Chemie an der Stanford University, erschien bei W. B. Saunders Company in erster Auf lage 1951. N ach mehreren N eudrucken wurde 1957 eine zweite Auflage veranstaltet, die inzwischen auch schon mehrmals nachgedruckt worden ist. Dieses Lehrbuch bietet in systematischem Aufbau das wichtigste Tatsachen material der organischen Chemie. Zugleich fiihrt es - und darauf kam es dem Verfasser sehr wesentlich an - in leichtverstandlicher Weise in die heutigen Vorstellungen iiber die Mechanismen organischer Reaktionen und die Krafte, die die chemischen und physikalischen Eigenschaften organischer Verbindungen bedingen, ein. Es bedeutet fiir den Studierenden eine schatzbare Gedachtnis hilfe, wenn, wie es in diesem Buche geschieht, die bedeutende Zahl von Tatsachen, die er sich merken muB, iiberall im Zusammenhang mit der geltenden Theorie dargeboten und durch sie erkHirt wird. Im Streben nach Verstandlichkeit, ins besondere mit Riicksicht auf Vorbildung und spezielle Bediirfnisse des Organikers, hat sich der Verfasser meist auf eine qualitative Darlegung der Theorie be schrankt, selbst auf die Gefahr hin, daB das Gesagte quantitativ nicht streng giiltig ist. NOLLERS Lehrbuch erfreut sich in den angelsachsischen Landern eines un gewahnlichen Erfolges. Es wird an einer wachsenden Zahl von amerikanischen Universitaten offiziell der Ausbildung in organischer Chemie zugrunde gelegt. Aber schon die Originalausgabe hat auch in Europa viele Freunde gefunden; an einer deutschsprachigen Universitat wird sie dem angehenden Organiker sogar in erster Linie zum Studium empfohlen."

Der Autor entwickelt ein Prozess-Controlling-Konzept und eine simulationsgestutzte Controlling-Applikation zur Unterstutzung City-logistischer Managementaufgaben."

Martin Kaupp stellt in diesem Sammelband die unterschiedlichen Ausgestaltungsmoglichkeiten von Simulationsstudien, den Aufbau und die Implementierung von Simulationsmodellen und die damit verbundenen Probleme anschaulich dar."

Der verstorbene Herausgeber dieser Reihe "Anleitungen fiir die chemische Laboratoriumspraxis", EDUARD ZINTL, nannte im Vorwort zum ersten Bande als ihre Aufgabe, kleinere Lehrgange zusammenzu- tragen, die an Hand ausgewahlter Versuche die Bekanntschaft mit dem handwerklichen Riistzeug, mit den wichtigsten Anwendungsgebieten und mit der Leistungsfahigkeit der Methode vermitteln. Bei der Niederschrift des Manuskripts zu dem vorliegenden "Lehr- gang" haben wir uns ganz von diesen Richtlinien leiten lassen. Dem vor Problemen der schonenden und wirksamen, dabei apparativ einfach durchzufiihrenden Substanztrennung stehenden Chemiker und Bio- chemiker sollte eine kurze Anleitung mit theoretischer Einfiihrung und Fundamentierung der Gegenstromverteilung als einem der bisher er- folgreichsten und am vielseitigsten anzuwendenden Trennverfahren ge- gegeben werden, die ihn erleuchtet, seine eigenen Schwierigkeiten ohne Umschweife anzupacken. Das Theoretische wurde nur in knapper Form dargestellt, und es wurde stets versucht, es dem Praktischen unterzuord- nen. Schematisierungen und - besonders im mathematischen Teil- "Spriinge" bei den Formelableitungen waren nicht ganz zu vermeiden. Die letzten Kapitel behandeln die Kriterien der Trennbarkeit, von Sub- stanzen und geben an Hand einer Reihe ausgesuchter, detailliert wieder- gegebener Arbeitsvorschriften einen Begriff von den vielseitigen An- wendungsmoglichkeiten dieses Trennverfahrens und den bis jetzt er- zielten Trennerfolgen. Das Literaturverzeichnis hilft demjenigen weiter, der sich iiber spezielle Fragen naher unterrichten will. Anspruch auf V ollstandigkeit wird in keinem FaIle erho ben.

This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book. ++++ The below data was compiled from various identification fields in the bibliographic record of this title. This data is provided as an additional tool in helping to ensure edition identification: ++++ Poultry Diseases: Including Diseases Of Other Domesticated Birds; With A Chapter On The Anatomy Of The Fowl 3 Benjamin Franklyn Kaupp A. Eger, 1922 Poultry

This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book.

Seminar paper from the year 2011 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Other, grade: 1,0, University of Freiburg (Englisches Seminar), course: Hauptseminar: Language, Cognition and Interaction, language: English, abstract: Gestures are used by all of us most of the time we talk. But what is so fascinating about them is that they are usually seen as unnecessary by-products, whereas all the necessary information is already encoded in speech. So why do we even bother gesturing? Is it just a reflex that does not serve any function at all or only social functions? Do gestures convey additional information that may be helpful but is not essential? Or are gestures crucial to conversation after all and if so, how? After introducing some basic knowledge about gestures I would like to focus on these questions that are concerned with the communicative functions. However, communication purposes which are mostly associated with gestures are only one part of the picture. There is also a lot of relevant research about the role of gestures in speech production as well and also on their impact on memorising and learning. Hence, I will cover all three approaches which are subdivided into different theories and weigh them up against each other.