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This book examines the political and legal challenges of regional
governance of the 28 countries of the European Union and the 48 in
the Council of Europe. The contributions, dilemmas, and moral
hazards from this record of nearly seven decades of regional
inter-governmental institutions has kept the peace, but produced
episodes of crisis from overstretching jurisdictions, thematically
and geographically. Polarization between nationalist and
integrative forces has displaced the idealistic aspirations of
prior decades to build the rule of law and deter violence.
Academics and policy makers will learn from the various legal and
political efforts to integrate supranational and inter-governmental
agencies with national political systems.
This book examines the political and legal challenges of regional
governance of the 28 countries of the European Union and the 48 in
the Council of Europe. The contributions, dilemmas, and moral
hazards from this record of nearly seven decades of regional
inter-governmental institutions has kept the peace, but produced
episodes of crisis from overstretching jurisdictions, thematically
and geographically. Polarization between nationalist and
integrative forces has displaced the idealistic aspirations of
prior decades to build the rule of law and deter violence.
Academics and policy makers will learn from the various legal and
political efforts to integrate supranational and inter-governmental
agencies with national political systems.
Resistance arteries have been recognized for some time as key
factors in the regulation of vascular flow resistance, where they
determine the regional and local distribution of blood and arterial
pressure. Chapters provide an overview of the physiological,
biochemical, and electrophysiological characteristics of these
vessels, as well as a critical evaluation of the methodologies for
studying small arteries and an examination of the membrane and
neural mechanisms involved in the control of vascular tone.
The Resistance Arteries is focused on the general issue of the
regulatory pathways in resistance arteries and comprises a
selection of timely overviews and up-to-date research studies
presented at the 4th International Symposium on Resistance
Arteries. These small vessels act as major controllers of blood
pressure, blood flow, and its distribution, and are involved in a
variety of pathological conditions. Vascular diameter is influenced
by a host of factors, some extrinsic to the smooth musc1e cells and
some intrinsic. One will find contributions in nearly all of the
five themes by which the book is organized; these address intra-and
extracellular interactions, and membrane receptor pathways using
vascular beds as diverse as the brain, he art, lung, kidney, and
skin. Basic physiological studies are inc1uded; these examine:
growth fac tors, vasoactive endothelium-derived nitric oxide, the
impacts of flow and stretch, myogenic mechanisms, calcium
regulation by protein kinase C, and signal transduction pathways of
the vascular smooth musc1e cell membrane receptors. Not only are
tissues from appropriate animal models exploited in most of these
reports, but many reflect the current increase in the use of human
tissue to elucidate vascular alterations of function and morphology
in hypertension, atherosclerosis, and ischemia. Noteworthy among
the many techniques used are: membrane permeabilization with
toxins, fura-2 for calcium determination, single cell
electrophysiology, and the application of confocal microscopy to
isolated, living vessels."
The Resistance Arteries is focused on the general issue of the
regulatory pathways in resistance arteries and comprises a
selection of timely overviews and up-to-date research studies
presented at the 4th International Symposium on Resistance
Arteries. These small vessels act as major controllers of blood
pressure, blood flow, and its distribution, and are involved in a
variety of pathological conditions. Vascular diameter is influenced
by a host of factors, some extrinsic to the smooth musc1e cells and
some intrinsic. One will find contributions in nearly all of the
five themes by which the book is organized; these address intra-and
extracellular interactions, and membrane receptor pathways using
vascular beds as diverse as the brain, he art, lung, kidney, and
skin. Basic physiological studies are inc1uded; these examine:
growth fac tors, vasoactive endothelium-derived nitric oxide, the
impacts of flow and stretch, myogenic mechanisms, calcium
regulation by protein kinase C, and signal transduction pathways of
the vascular smooth musc1e cell membrane receptors. Not only are
tissues from appropriate animal models exploited in most of these
reports, but many reflect the current increase in the use of human
tissue to elucidate vascular alterations of function and morphology
in hypertension, atherosclerosis, and ischemia. Noteworthy among
the many techniques used are: membrane permeabilization with
toxins, fura-2 for calcium determination, single cell
electrophysiology, and the application of confocal microscopy to
isolated, living vessels."
Resistance arteries have been recognized for some time as key
factors in the regulation of vascular flow resistance, where they
determine the regional and local distribution of blood and arterial
pressure. Chapters provide an overview of the physiological,
biochemical, and electrophysiological characteristics of these
vessels, as well as a critical evaluation of the methodologies for
studying small arteries and an examination of the membrane and
neural mechanisms involved in the control of vascular tone.
Much of our knowledge of the cerebral circulation has been derived
from studies of species other than human. There is increas ing
recognition of species differences and concern that studies in
animals may be misleading if unquestioningly applied to the human.
A dramatic example of this occurred in the early his tory of the
study of the circulation of the brain. Galen of Pergamo (131-201
AD) described a rete mirabile or "marvelous network" of blood
vessels at the base of the human skull that he must have derived
from observations of certain animals. This vascular structure was
supplied by the carotid arteries which, after penetrating the
cranium,"are divided into a large number of very small and thin
branches in the region between the cranium and the dura matter.
Then . . . intersecting one another they give the impression of
having forgotten their way in the brain. But this is not the case.
In fact, these numerous arteries rejoin and unite like the roots of
a tree trunk. . . . " The authority of Galen's writings dominated
scientific thought for about 1500 years. His description of a rete
was unques tioned by Leonardo de Vinci, who included it in his
anatomical sketches. William Harvey's remarkable observations led
to his definitive account of the circulation of blood."
The Human Brain Circulation offers an original, up-to-date
synthesis and summary of our current knowledge of the
cerebrovascular circulatory system, with special emphasis on the
study of isolated vessels. The contributors describe the normal
vasculature and the many complex changes that occur with age and
disease. Fetal and newborn circulation is also addressed. In areas
where knowledge of human vessels is deficient, research on animal
tissues is included.
The book is significant because it challenges some of the
traditional assumptions based on animal studies of the mechanisms
that control human brain vasculature and presents a contemporary
view that includes the role of shear stress and intravascular
pressure on the arterial circulation.
Among the topics discussed are the receptors for vasoactive
substances; the molecular aspects of endothelial function in
hemostasis; inflammation and thrombosis; the effect of
hypertension; the pathophysiology of vasospasm, ischemia, and
reperfusion; and the actions of free radicals. Techniques for the
in vivo study of cerebrovascular dysfunction are also described.
The Human Brain Circulation presents a definitive understanding of
this centrally important vascular bed and clearly defines the
future direction for research into human cerebrovascular disease
and its treatment.
The final volumes of a project begun in 1921 by the Board of Celtic
Studies of the University of Wales to produce the first standard
historical Welsh dictionary, these dictionaries present in
alphabetical order the vocabulary of the Welsh language from the
remnants of Old Welsh, through the abundant literature of the
Medieval and Modern periods, to the explosion of vocabulary arising
from the ever-increasing use of the language in all fields of
20th-century life. These references are the first standard
historical Welsh dictionaries. The vocabulary is defined in Welsh,
but English equivalents are also given. Detailed attention is given
to variant forms, common collocations, and etymology.
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