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The authors of this comprehensive study address why it is that some
small firms perform well and others don't, and whether
high-performing firms share characteristics that distinguish them
from low-performing firms. By exploring bundles of resources and
their interaction with other factors, the authors explain important
small business outcomes such as growth, performance,
entrepreneurial activity, and the chance of receiving debt or
equity capital. The authors find that while resources may be
valuable, it is essential that small businesses have the processes
to facilitate the manipulation of resources into value-creating
strategies. Rather than reaching the conclusion that more is always
better, the authors tease out the conditions under which certain
resources are particularly valuable, as well as the conditions
under which these and other resources are less valuable. The
resource factors examined range from aspects of the human capital
of the small business manager, such as length of education or prior
experience with business start-ups, to social capital variables and
firm-level resources, such as access to financial capital and
competence. Representing leading-edge research across several
levels of analysis, this volume will be a useful resource for
scholars and students of entrepreneurship and small business, as
well as for entrepreneurs and small business owners. Policymakers
will find the volume helpful in understanding the effect policies
may have on small businesses and the subsequent impact on the
economic performance of a region.
In this volume, Dean Shepherd focuses on the varying topics of
entrepreneurship unified through conjoint analysis. Although the
topic of entrepreneurial decision making is broad, in doing so, he
reveals the mechanisms that come into play during the
entrepreneurial decision-making process. Scholars of
entrepreneurship and organizational behavior will find this
collection an essential resource for understanding how decision
making is achieved in entrepreneurial settings.
Within an entrepreneurial context, what a person thinks and feels
and how they behave are hugely consequential. Entrepreneurs often
work in scenarios of considerable time pressure, task complexity,
uncertainty and high performance variance. This fascinating volume
explores the unique psychological qualities of individuals directly
involved in the entrepreneurial process. The book explores major
themes in entrepreneurial psychology, including acting
entrepreneurially, identifying opportunity, making decisions,
choosing and managing an entrepreneurial career, adapting and
persisting, and recovering from entrepreneurial failure. The
selected essays highlight Dean A. Shepherd's unique perspective on
important issues in entrepreneurship, and offer insightful
recommendations for future study. Scholars and students of
entrepreneurship and business and management, particularly those
with an interest in entrepreneurial thought and decision-making,
will find this book an invaluable resource. 29 articles, dating
from 1999 to 2013
This authoritative collection presents the most important and
influential contributions to the study of entrepreneurial
opportunity. The first section investigates the nature of
entrepreneurial opportunity. The second presents the best work of
the last ten years on the dynamics and nature of opportunity
emergence. The careful selection of articles, alongside an original
introduction by the editors, concludes by highlighting the varying
contexts in which entrepreneurial opportunity can occur and
strategies for researching it.
Entrepreneurs act in environments of great risk and high
uncertainty, and as a result, failure is a common occurrence. For
this volume, Professor Shepherd has made a judicious selection of
published articles, which explore the antecedents to and potential
outcomes of entrepreneurial failure. By understanding these causes
and consequences, entrepreneurs may become better able to manage
failure, to reduce its costs and to capitalize on its benefits.
With an insightful original introduction by the editor, the book
provides an authoritative guide to current scholarly debate in this
topical area and lays a foundation for future study.
This open access book focuses on explaining differences amongst
organizations regarding various attributes, forms, and outcomes. By
focusing on the "how" of new venture creation and management to
produce well-established organizations, the authors aim to increase
our understanding of the antecedents of most management research
assumptions. New ventures are the source of most newly created jobs
generated in an economy, new industries and markets, innovative
products and services, and new solutions to economic, social, and
environmental problems. However, most management research assumes a
well-established organization as the starting point of their
theorizing. Building on the notion of guided attention, it details
how entrepreneurs can allocate their transient attention to
identify potential opportunities from environmental change and how
entrepreneurs allocate their sustained attention to form beliefs
about radical and incremental opportunities requiring
entrepreneurial action. The authors explain how entrepreneurs build
such communities and engage community members over time to
co-construct potential opportunities for new venture progress.
Using the lean startup framework, they connect the dots between the
theorizing on identifying and co-constructing potential
opportunities and the startup of new ventures. This leads to a new
overarching framework based on are (1) co-creating a startup, (2)
organizing a startup, and (3) performing a startup to bring
together the many disparate threads of research on new ventures.
The authors then theorize on the importance of knowledge in
organizational scaling. Based on cutting-edge research from the
leading entrepreneurship journals, this book expands knowledge on
the cognitive aspect of the new venture creation process.
Part of the ST(P) graded series in mathematics, this book follows
1A and 2A and completes coverage of Levels 6 and 7 of the National
Curriculum, and most of Level 8. Some of the work goes beyond Level
8. In particular, there is a large section on algebra which starts
the preparation for the skills needed to cope with the algebra
content of Level 10. The exercises are divided into three types of
question. The first kind is aimed at helping pupils to understand
the work, the second is for quicker workers, for extra practice or
for later revision and the third is slightly more difficult, for
those who have managed the first type fairly easily.
This open access book investigates the inter-relationship between
the mind and a potential opportunity to explore the psychology of
entrepreneurship. Building on recent research, this book offers a
broad scope investigation of the different aspects of what goes on
in the mind of the (potential) entrepreneur as he or she considers
the pursuit of a potential opportunity, the creation of a new
organization, and/or the selection of an entrepreneurial career.
This book focuses on individuals as the level of analysis and
explores the impact of the organization and the environment only
inasmuch as they impact the individual's cognitions. Readers will
learn why some individuals and managers are able to able to
identify and successfully act upon opportunities in uncertain
environments while others are not. This book applies a cognitive
lens to understand individuals' knowledge, motivation, attention,
identity, and emotions in the entrepreneurial process.
This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license.In this book,
the authors present a challenge for future research to build a
stronger, more complete understanding of entrepreneurial phenomena.
They argue that this more complete picture of entrepreneurial
phenomena will likely come from scholars who undertake at least
some trailblazing projects; from scholars who broaden the range of
research questions, the potential outcomes of entrepreneurial
action, and the selection and combination of research methods; and
from researchers who avoid the endless debates about the margins of
the field and its sub-fields or about whether one theoretical or
philosophical lens is superior to another. This book offers
suggestions for future research through a variety of topics
including prosocial action, innovation, family business,
sustainability and development, and the financial, social, and
psychological costs of failure. It promises to make an important
contribution to the development of the field and help academics,
organizations, and society make useful contributions to the
generation of entrepreneurial research.
This open access book investigates the inter-relationship between
the mind and a potential opportunity to explore the psychology of
entrepreneurship. Building on recent research, this book offers a
broad scope investigation of the different aspects of what goes on
in the mind of the (potential) entrepreneur as he or she considers
the pursuit of a potential opportunity, the creation of a new
organization, and/or the selection of an entrepreneurial career.
This book focuses on individuals as the level of analysis and
explores the impact of the organization and the environment only
inasmuch as they impact the individual's cognitions. Readers will
learn why some individuals and managers are able to able to
identify and successfully act upon opportunities in uncertain
environments while others are not. This book applies a cognitive
lens to understand individuals' knowledge, motivation, attention,
identity, and emotions in the entrepreneurial process.
This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license.In this book,
the authors present a challenge for future research to build a
stronger, more complete understanding of entrepreneurial phenomena.
They argue that this more complete picture of entrepreneurial
phenomena will likely come from scholars who undertake at least
some trailblazing projects; from scholars who broaden the range of
research questions, the potential outcomes of entrepreneurial
action, and the selection and combination of research methods; and
from researchers who avoid the endless debates about the margins of
the field and its sub-fields or about whether one theoretical or
philosophical lens is superior to another. This book offers
suggestions for future research through a variety of topics
including prosocial action, innovation, family business,
sustainability and development, and the financial, social, and
psychological costs of failure. It promises to make an important
contribution to the development of the field and help academics,
organizations, and society make useful contributions to the
generation of entrepreneurial research.
This book offers helpful insight and advice on how doctoral
students and junior faculty can succeed as an entrepreneurship
scholar. It invites them to think entrepreneurially to identify
research opportunities, manage the publication process, achieve
excellence in the classroom, secure a faculty position, and build a
research record worthy of promotion and tenure. Drawing from his
experience as a research scholar, editor, review board member,
mentor, and reviewer of many promotion and tenure cases, author
Dean Shepherd offers strategies and other pieces of advice for
navigating the obstacles that can prevent a successful scholarly
career. This book provides an overview and roadmap to help
entrepreneurship scholars achieve success, and stimulates thought
and discussion for doctoral students and junior and senior faculty
to consider as they look to develop the next generation in
academia.
Based on over a decade of research by the Chronic Poverty Research
Centre, this volume analyses the challenges to be met if global
extreme poverty is to be eradicated. Building on case studies from
Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India and Uganda, it includes material on
poverty dynamics, the inter-generational transmission of poverty,
the importance of building assets and reducing vulnerability, the
critical nature of conflict as a cause of impoverishment and
chronic poverty, and new thinking about the close relationship
between social exclusion and adverse incorporation. Current policy
does not adequately support pathways out of poverty: neither the
positives of getting a good job, or building assets, nor the
negatives of preventing setbacks along the way. While social
protection is increasingly on the policy agenda by way of
preventing extreme setbacks, the pro-poorest economic growth and
labour market policies, the rounded approach to providing enough
education to poor children, all need much greater policy makers'
attention. Policy makers also need to consider the norms which
govern social groups and inter-group social relationships which
determine how people make use of assets and capabilities, and how
to change those norms where they are problematic for socio-economic
mobility, or lead to conflict.
Based on a decade of research by the Chronic Poverty Research
Centre, this volume includes material on inter-generational
transmission, the importance of assets and vulnerability, and
conflict, and new thinking about the close relationship between
social exclusion and adverse incorporation.
Written by two of the Caribbean's leading historians, Freedoms Won
is an essential book for students engaged in following courses on
the history of the Caribbean. It will also be of interest to
general readers seeking information on the history of the region.
Starting with the aftermath of emancipation, Freedoms Won covers
the African-Caribbean peasantry, Asian arrival in the Caribbean,
social and political experiences of the working classes in the
immediate post-slavery period, the Caribbean economy, US
intervention and imperialst tendencies from the 18th century, the
Labour Movement in the Caribbean in the 20th centurym the social
life and culture of the Caribbean people, and social protest,
decolonisation and nationhood.
This book investigates an entrepreneurial approach to building new
theories. It provides a rich understanding of how specific tools
facilitate aspects of the theorizing process and offers a clearer
big picture of the process of building important new
entrepreneurship theories. The authors show that anthropomorphizing
has been a critically important tool for developing influential
entrepreneurship theories. They reveal how scholars build on their
rich and highly accessible understanding of humans (i.e., the self
and others) to make guesses and sense of entrepreneurial anomalies,
articulate theoretical mechanisms to build more robust
entrepreneurship theories, and create plausible stories that
facilitate sensegiving. Further, they offer a framework that guides
entrepreneurship scholars in finding a balance to maximize their
contributions and guides reviewers and editors in managing the
revise-and-resubmit process to advance the entrepreneurship field.
Finally, they present lean scholarship as an approach to developing
a portfolio of high-quality, high-impact papers. Lean scholarship
starts with an entrepreneurial mindset and involves creating a
minimum viable paper, exploring its validity, adding a plausible
paper to one's portfolio, and managing the portfolio by
periodically deciding whether to persevere, pivot, or terminate
each paper. This seminal work will appeal to entrepreneurship
researchers, both those new to the field as well as seasoned
veterans, who want to learn more about the tools that can be used
to generate new knowledge about new ventures and other
entrepreneurship topics. This is an open access book.
This book investigates an entrepreneurial approach to building new
theories. It provides a rich understanding of how specific tools
facilitate aspects of the theorizing process and offers a clearer
big picture of the process of building important new
entrepreneurship theories. The authors show that anthropomorphizing
has been a critically important tool for developing influential
entrepreneurship theories. They reveal how scholars build on their
rich and highly accessible understanding of humans (i.e., the self
and others) to make guesses and sense of entrepreneurial anomalies,
articulate theoretical mechanisms to build more robust
entrepreneurship theories, and create plausible stories that
facilitate sensegiving. Further, they offer a framework that guides
entrepreneurship scholars in finding a balance to maximize their
contributions and guides reviewers and editors in managing the
revise-and-resubmit process to advance the entrepreneurship field.
Finally, they present lean scholarship as an approach to developing
a portfolio of high-quality, high-impact papers. Lean scholarship
starts with an entrepreneurial mindset and involves creating a
minimum viable paper, exploring its validity, adding a plausible
paper to one's portfolio, and managing the portfolio by
periodically deciding whether to persevere, pivot, or terminate
each paper. This seminal work will appeal to entrepreneurship
researchers, both those new to the field as well as seasoned
veterans, who want to learn more about the tools that can be used
to generate new knowledge about new ventures and other
entrepreneurship topics. This is an open access book.
This open acess book extends recent work on entrepreneurship in
response to adverse events to explore entrepreneurial responses by
people who face chronic adversity more deeply. Instead of focusing
on the sort of responses intended to destroy the institutions that
create and sustain chronic adversity, the authors are interested in
how individuals use entrepreneurial action to find a way within
these adverse constraints to improve their lives. They explore the
positive outcomes arising from these entrepreneurial actions for
the entrepreneurial actor and their family members as well as the
negative consequences of these entrepreneurial responses to chronic
adversity-outcomes that diminish others' well-being. The book
relies on the lived experiences of those facing chronic adversity
to provide insights into the bright-and dark-sides of
entrepreneurship and the complexity of these relationships. It will
serve as a valuable resource to scholars seeking to understand how
entrepreneurial action is conceived and implemented by those facing
challenging resource-poor environments.
This open acess book extends recent work on entrepreneurship in
response to adverse events to explore entrepreneurial responses by
people who face chronic adversity more deeply. Instead of focusing
on the sort of responses intended to destroy the institutions that
create and sustain chronic adversity, the authors are interested in
how individuals use entrepreneurial action to find a way within
these adverse constraints to improve their lives. They explore the
positive outcomes arising from these entrepreneurial actions for
the entrepreneurial actor and their family members as well as the
negative consequences of these entrepreneurial responses to chronic
adversity-outcomes that diminish others' well-being. The book
relies on the lived experiences of those facing chronic adversity
to provide insights into the bright-and dark-sides of
entrepreneurship and the complexity of these relationships. It will
serve as a valuable resource to scholars seeking to understand how
entrepreneurial action is conceived and implemented by those facing
challenging resource-poor environments.
Crucial topics in Caribbean and wider African diaspora history,
from the early period of colonisation through to the era of
decolonisation are covered in this collection edited by Verene
Shepherd. The book examines the impact and implications of the
British Atlantic project, particularly with respect to the
evolution of the system of African enslavement, the construction
and maintenance of an economy and society based on such
enslavement, and the liberation struggles of enslaved and freed
peoples. The issues are explored by leading scholars who all
continue the scholarly conversation on slavery and freedom in the
Caribbean, Africa and the African diaspora as well as collaborate
on a project to mark Barry Higman's contribution to the
ever-widening field of slavery studies.
This eighth volume in the series Advances in Entrepreneurship, Firm
Emergence and Growth focuses on international entrepreneurship. We
are fortunate to draw on scholars both new to the field as well as
some of those who founded this unique speciality. Topics include:
international social capital, technology sharing and foreign market
learning in internationalizing entrepreneurial firms; export
performance of new ventures in the Finnish and Indian Software
industries; institutional and economic influences on Internet
adoption and accelerated firm internationalization; the role of
strategic adaptation and networking capabilities in explaining new
venture growth in international markets; illustration of the
???small world??? phenomenon to discuss network analysis tools that
can be applied to international entrepreneurship research; an
institutional perspective and cross-national comparison of
incubated firms; a discussion of the means to achieving excellence
in international entrepreneurship education; the export intensity
of venture capital backed companies; and capability development,
learning and growth in international entrepreneurial firms within
China.
These papers provide an ongoing exploration of the major current
theoretical and methodological efforts in the fields of
entrepreneurship, small and family business growth and firm
emergence and growth.
Part of the ST(P) graded series in mathematics, this book follows
1A and is intended to complete the coverage of Level 5 of the
National Curriculum, most of Level 6 and about half of Level 7.
Some of the work goes beyond Level 7, offering flexibility for
those teachers who prefer to do the work at this stage in
preparation for the tests at Key Stages 3 and 4. The exercises are
divided into three types of question. The first kind is aimed at
helping pupils to understand the work, the second is for quicker
workers, for extra practice or for later revision and the third is
slightly more difficult, for those who have managed the first type
fairly easily.
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